11,153 research outputs found
Multiquantum well structure with an average electron mobility of 4.0×10^6 cm^2/V s
We report a modulation-doped multiquantum well structure which suppresses the usual ambient light effect associated with modulation doping. Ten GaAs quantum wells 300-Å wide are symmetrically modulation doped using Si δ doping at the center of 3600-Å-wide Al0.1Ga0.9As barriers. The low field mobility of each well is 4.0×10^6 cm/V s at a density of 6.4×10^10 cm^−2 measured at 0.3 K either in the dark, or during, or after, exposure to light. This mobility is an order of magnitude improvement over previous work on multiwells
Formation of a high quality two-dimensional electron gas on cleaved GaAs
We have succeeded in fabricating a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) on the cleaved (110) edge of a GaAs wafer by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). A (100) wafer previously prepared by MBE growth is reinstalled in the MBE chamber so that an in situ cleave exposes a fresh (110) GaAs edge for further MBE overgrowth. A sequence of Si-doped AlGaAs layers completes the modulation-doped structure at the cleaved edge. Mobilities as high as 6.1×10^5 cm^2/V s are measured in the 2DEG at the cleaved interface
Association between Work-Related Hyperthermia Emergency Department Visits and Ambient Heat in Five Southeastern States, 2010-2012--A Case-Crossover Study
The objective of this study is to assess ambient temperatures\u27 and extreme heat events\u27 contribution to work-related emergency department (ED) visits for hyperthermia in the southeastern United States to inform prevention. Through a collaborative network and established data framework, work-related ED hyperthermia visits in five participating southeastern U.S. states were analyzed using a time stratified case-crossover design. For exposure metrics, day- and location-specific measures of ambient temperatures and county-specific identification of extreme heat events were used. From 2010 to 2012, 5,017 work-related hyperthermia ED visits were seen; 2,298 (~46%) of these visits occurred on days when the daily maximum heat index was at temperatures the Occupational Safety and Health Administration designates as having lower or moderate heat risk. A 14% increase in risk of ED visit was seen for a 1°F increase in average daily mean temperature, modeled as linear predictor across all temperatures. A 54% increase in risk was seen for work-related hyperthermia ED visits during extreme heat events (two or more consecutive days of unusually high temperatures) when controlling for average daily mean temperature. Despite ambient heat being a well-known risk to workers\u27 health, this study\u27s findings indicate ambient heat contributed to work-related ED hyperthermia visits in these five states. Used alone, existing OSHA heat-risk levels for ambient temperatures did not appear to successfully communicate workers\u27 risk for hyperthermia in this study. Findings should inform future heat-alert communications and policies, heat prevention efforts, and heat-illness prevention research for workers in the southeastern United States
Experimental study of optimal measurements for quantum state tomography
Quantum tomography is a critically important tool to evaluate quantum
hardware, making it essential to develop optimized measurement strategies that
are both accurate and efficient. We compare a variety of strategies using
nearly pure test states. Those that are informationally complete for all states
are found to be accurate and reliable even in the presence of errors in the
measurements themselves, while those designed to be complete only for pure
states are far more efficient but highly sensitive to such errors. Our results
highlight the unavoidable tradeoffs inherent to quantum tomography.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure
Zero-Bias Anomalies in Narrow Tunnel Junctions in the Quantum Hall Regime
We report on the study of cleaved-edge-overgrown line junctions with a
serendipitously created narrow opening in an otherwise thin, precise line
barrier. Two sets of zero-bias anomalies are observed with an enhanced
conductance for filling factors and a strongly suppressed conductance
for . A transition between the two behaviors is found near . The zero-bias anomaly (ZBA) line shapes find explanation in
Luttinger liquid models of tunneling between quantum Hall edge states. The ZBA
for occurs from strong backscattering induced by suppression of
quasiparticle tunneling between the edge channels for the Landau
levels. The ZBA for arises from weak tunneling of quasiparticles
between the edge channels.Comment: version with edits for clarit
Bayesian photon counting with electron-multiplying charge coupled devices (EMCCDs)
The EMCCD is a CCD type that delivers fast readout and negligible detector
noise, making it an ideal detector for high frame rate applications. Because of
the very low detector noise, this detector can potentially count single
photons. Considering that an EMCCD has a limited dynamical range and negligible
detector noise, one would typically apply an EMCCD in such a way that multiple
images of the same object are available, for instance, in so called lucky
imaging. The problem of counting photons can then conveniently be viewed as
statistical inference of flux or photon rates, based on a stack of images. A
simple probabilistic model for the output of an EMCCD is developed. Based on
this model and the prior knowledge that photons are Poisson distributed, we
derive two methods for estimating the most probable flux per pixel, one based
on thresholding, and another based on full Bayesian inference. We find that it
is indeed possible to derive such expressions, and tests of these methods show
that estimating fluxes with only shot noise is possible, up to fluxes of about
one photon per pixel per readout.Comment: Fixed a few typos compared to the published versio
Locally Optimally Emitting Clouds and the Origin of Quasar Emission Lines
The similarity of quasar line spectra has been taken as an indication that
the emission line clouds have preferred parameters, suggesting that the
environment is subject to a fine tuning process. We show here that the observed
spectrum is a natural consequence of powerful selection effects. We computed a
large grid of photoionization models covering the widest possible range of
cloud gas density and distance from the central continuum source. For each line
only a narrow range of density and distance from the continuum source results
in maximum reprocessing efficiency, corresponding to ``locally
optimally-emitting clouds'' (LOC). These parameters depend on the ionization
and excitation potentials of the line, and its thermalization density. The mean
QSO line spectrum can be reproduced by simply adding together the full family
of clouds, with an appropriate covering fraction distribution. The observed
quasar spectrum is a natural consequence of the ability of various clouds to
reprocess the underlying continuum, and can arise in a chaotic environment with
no preferred pressure, gas density, or ionization parameter.Comment: 9 pages including 1 ps figure. LaTeX format using aaspp4.st
Evidence for Skyrmion crystallization from NMR relaxation experiments
A resistively detected NMR technique was used to probe the two-dimensional
electron gas in a GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well. The spin-lattice relaxation rate
was extracted at near complete filling of the first Landau level by
electrons. The nuclear spin of As is found to relax much more
efficiently with and when a well developed quantum Hall state with
occurs. The data show a remarkable correlation between the
nuclear spin relaxation and localization. This suggests that the magnetic
ground state near complete filling of the first Landau level may contain a
lattice of topological spin texture, i.e. a Skyrmion crystal
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