Parental job security and children's health

Treballs Finals del Màster d'Economia, Facultat d'Economia i Empresa, Universitat de Barcelona. Curs: 2021-2022, Tutor: Judit VallThe effect of job security on workers' well-being and health has already been discussed in the literature. Nevertheless, little is known about its impact on family life and children's health. This paper investigates the effect of parental job security on children's physical and mental health. Using data from the Spanish National Health Survey (SNHS), we estimate the causal impact of holding a secure labor contract. To address endogeneity, we rely on the exogenous variation in employment status induced by the 2006 Spanish Labor Reform, which sought to reduce the incidence of temporary employment among female and young workers. Combining Difference-in-Differences and an Instrumental Variable strategy, we find that job security significantly increases children's general health. Moreover, we show that this effect is mainly concentrated in younger children and that job security also has a positive impact on females' mental health

The short-term impact of the minimum wage on employment: evidence from Spain

Minimum wages have been widely discussed in the literature. The minimum wage impact on employment strongly depends on labor market concentration and the point at which it is located in the income distribution. Therefore, its study essentially involves exploring whether it has been set too far, beyond the competitive market wage. In 2019, the Spanish government decided to raise the minimum wage by 22.3%. This increase is of a previously unseen magnitude. Using rich administrative data, we combine Propensity Score Matching and a Di erence-in-Di erences model to evaluate the short-run employment e ect of this policy. We nd that the reform increased the probability of job loss within a range of 0.38 pp. (7.8%) and 0.44 pp. (9.2%) for workers below the new minimum wage, which implies an employment elasticity between 0.3 and 0.4. In addition, our results suggest that the bulk of this e ect is concentrated in the group of workers furthest from the new minimum wage. This is the segment of the income distribution that bore the bulk of the employment costs of the minimum wage increase.Máster Universitario en Análisis Económico Aplicado (M148

The short-term impact of the mínimum wage on employment: Evidence from Spain

Minimum wages have been widely discussed in the literature. The mínimum wage impact on employment strongly depends on labor market concentration and the point at which it is located in the income distribution. Therefore, its study essentially involves exploring whether it has been set too far, beyond the competitive market wage. In 2019, the Spanish government decided to raise the minimum wage by 22.3%. This increase is of a previously unseen magnitude. Using rich administrative data, we combine Propensity Score Matching and a Difference-in-Differences model to evaluate the short-run employment effect of this policy. We find that the reform increased the probability of job loss within a range of 0.38 pp. (7.8%) and 0.44 pp. (9.2%) for workers below the new minimum wage, which implies an employment elasticity between 0.3 and 0.4. In addition, our results suggest that the bulk of this effect is concentrated in the group of workers furthest from the new minimum wage. This is the segment of the income distribution that bore the bulk of the employment costs of the minimum wage increase

The Short-Term Impact of the Minimum Wage on Employment: Evidence from Spain

39 p.Minimum wages have been widely discussed in the literature. The minimum wage impact on employment strongly depends on labor market concentration and the point at which it is located in the income distribution. Therefore, its study essentially involves exploring whether it has been set too far, beyond the competitive market wage. In 2019, the Spanish government decided to raise the minimum wage by 22.3%. This increase is of a previously unseen magnitude. Using rich administrative data, we combine Propensity Score Matching and a Difference-in-Differences model to evaluate the short- unemployment effect of this policy. We fi nd that the reform increased the probability of job loss within a range of 0.38pp.(7.8%) and 0.44 pp. (9.2%) for workers below the new minimum wage, which implies an employment elasticity between 0.3 and 0.4. In addition, our results suggest that the bulk of this effect is concentrated in the group of workers furthest from the new minimum wage. This is the segment of the income distribution that bore the bulk of the employment costs of the minimum wage increase

Integral viability analysis of entrepreneurial projects in critical contexts: Application to the case of the management of a shea mill in Kumbungu, Ghana

[EN] Purpose: This research presents a method proposal to analyse the viability of entrepreneurial projects in critical contexts of developing countries. Design/methodology: The method proposal is applied to a case study on the integral viability analysis of a shea mill in Kumbungu (Ghana). Based on a qualitative design, different ad hoc participatory tools are implemented, such as a daily routine schedule, combined with other research techniques (focus groups, interviews, etc.). Findings: The proposal includes ten specific steps to analyse the viability of entrepreneurial projects. It involves, on the one hand, the active participation of the members of the community in order to be able to make a real analysis of their needs; and, on the other hand, an integrating analysis that allows evaluating the sustainability of the project from an economic, social and technological perspective. The method is applied to the start-up and management of a shea butter mill in Ghana. Some core aspects are highlighted: 1) people are considered key when making decisions, thus participatory tools (such as the daily routines workshop) can be essential in ensuring the sustainability of the enterprise; 2) the need to adapt the tools to the context. This is crucial in contexts such as Ghana, where language may be a barrier or because the illiteracy rate is high. And 3) from the method, it is concluded that it is necessary to prioritise the sustainability of the enterprise in general, not just efficiency. Originality/value: The research combines the classic tools of business viability analysis with those of development cooperation. In this sense, it is proposed to carry out an integral viability analysis that includes not only the economic sustainability of the project, but also the social and technological aspects and, more important, where the active participation of all the stakeholders is considered.The authors received financial support from the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (Spain) for fieldwork (Meridies Grants - Centro de Cooperacion al Desarrollo UPV) and from the Department of Projects Engineering for the publication of this article.Guijarro, E.; Castro, A.; Fernández-Baldor, Á. (2023). Integral viability analysis of entrepreneurial projects in critical contexts: Application to the case of the management of a shea mill in Kumbungu, Ghana. Intangible Capital. 19(3):434-458. https://doi.org/10.3926/ic.222343445819

Energía y desarrollo: un análisis crítico de los proyectos de electrificación rural desde una perspectiva de género

[ES] Esta investigación analiza de manera crítica tres proyectos de electrificación rural implementados por la ONGD de cooperación internacional Practical Action en Perú. Se trata de tres proyectos que emplean energías renovables (micro hidráulica, micro eólica e híbrido de eólica y fotovoltaica) para abastecer de electricidad a comunidades aisladas de la red eléctrica nacional. En concreto, el trabajo analiza si los proyectos han beneficiado por igual a hombres y mujeres. Para ello se utiliza la Matriz de Análisis de Género para revisar las intervenciones con una mirada de género. En la discusión de los resultados se abogará por la necesidad de transversalizar el enfoque de género en las intervenciones tecnológicas.Fernández-Baldor, Á. (2015). Energía y desarrollo: un análisis crítico de los proyectos de electrificación rural desde una perspectiva de género. E-DHC, Quaderns Electrònics sobre el Desenvolupament Humà i la Cooperació. 4:53-69. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/165402S5369

Embracing the Complexity of Policy Processes in Sanitation: Insights from India

[EN] Different stakeholders tried participatory approaches to boost progress in rural sanitation in India. The policy processes around these experiences, despite shaping their outcomes, remain a knowledge gap this paper addresses. Evidence show that the interests of the actors involved resulted in the national campaign being construction-focused. Therefore, participatory approaches could only be successfully introduced through networks with political champions at their centre. Moreover, political dynamics determined the success of the different introduction strategies. A better understanding of these policy processes, using analytical frameworks such as the one we propose, will lead to smarter influencing strategies in the sanitation sector.Hueso, A.; Boni Aristizábal, A.; Fernández-Baldor, Á. (2018). Embracing the Complexity of Policy Processes in Sanitation: Insights from India. Development Policy Review. 36:203-219. doi:10.1111/dpr.12246S20321936Chambers , R. 2009 Going to scale with Community-Led Total Sanitation: Reflections on experience, issues and ways forward https://www.ids.ac.uk/publication/going-to-scale-with-community-led-total-sanitation-reflections-on-experience-issues-and-ways-forwardDeak , A. 2008 Taking Community-Led Total Sanitation to scale: Movement, spread and adaptation http://www.ids.ac.uk/publication/taking-community-led-total-sanitation-to-scale-movement-spread-and-adaptation1DFID 2009 Political economy analysis how to note: A DFID practice paper https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/events-documents/3797.pdfDuncan , A. Williams , G. 2010 Making development assistance more effective by using political economy analysis: What has been done and what have we learned? http://thepolicypractice.com/publications/making-development-assistance-more-effective-by-using-political-economy-analysis-what-has-been-done-and-what-have-we-learned/Government of Himachal Pradesh 2005 Strategy for total rural sanitation in HP http://www.hptsc.nic.in/TSC%20Strategy.pdfGovernment of India 2001 Central Rural Sanitation Programme: Total sanitation campaign http://hptsc.nic.in/crsp2001.pdfGovernment of India 2004 Guidelines on Central Rural Sanitation Programme: Total sanitation campaign https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/DDWS-2004-Guidelines.pdfGovernment of India 2011a Enhanced quality of life through sustained sanitation. India country paper http://www.mdws.gov.in/sites/default/files/IndiaCountryPaper2011.pdfGovernment of India 2011b Towards Nirmal Bharat: Rural sanitation and hygiene strategy 2010-2022 http://www.indiasanitationportal.org/full-view-page.php?title=MTQ2Government of India 2012a Census of India 2011, house listing and housing census data tables - district level http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/District_Tables/HLO_District_Tables.htmlGovernment of India 2012b Census of India 2011. Availability and type of latrine facility: 2001−2011 http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/Data_sheet/India/Latrine.pdfHarris , D. Kooy , M. Jones , L. 2011 Analysing the governance and political economy of water and sanitation https://www.odi.org/publications/5911-political-economy-analysis-governance-water-sanitationHueso, A., & Bell, B. (2013). An untold story of policy failure: the Total Sanitation Campaign in India. Water Policy, 15(6), 1001-1017. doi:10.2166/wp.2013.032Kar , K. Chambers , R. 2008 Handbook on Community-Led Total Sanitation http://www.communityledtotalsanitation.org/sites/communityledtotalsanitation.org/files/cltshandbook.pdfKar , K. Milward , K. 2011 Digging in, spreading out, and growing up: Introducing CLTS in Africa http://www.ids.ac.uk/publication/digging-in-spreading-out-and-growing-up-introducing-clts-in-africaKnowledge Links 2011 Mapping CLTS in India: Terrain and the trajectoryKrause , M. 2007 The political economy of water and sanitation in developing countries: Cross-country evidence and a case study on ColombiaRobinson , A. 2012 Enabling environment endline assessment: Himachal Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, India https://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/WSP-India-Endline-EE.pdfRobinson , A. Raman , R. K. 2008 Enabling environment assessment for scaling up sanitation programs: Madhya Pradesh, India http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/824631468268817633/Enabling-environment-assessment-for-scaling-up-sanitation-programs-Himachal-Pradesh-IndiaRosensweig , F. Perez , E. Robinson , A. 2012 Policy and sector reform to accelerate access to improved rural sanitation http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/787621468330292143/Policy-and-sector-reform-to-accelerate-access-to-improved-rural-sanitationSanan , D. Chauhan , P. Rana , V. 2010 Survey of recent sanitation achievement in Himachal Pradesh http://www.communityledtotalsanitation.org/resource/survey-recent-sanitation-achievement-himachal-pradeshShukla , J. P. 2012 Major challenges in doing CLTS in India http://www.communityledtotalsanitation.org/blog/major-challenges-doing-clts-indiaTransparency International India 2008 India corruption study - 2008 http://www.transparencyindia.org/resource/survey_study/India%20Corruptino%20Study%202008.pdfVaidya , M. K. Sharma , L. R. Negi , Y. S. District human development report - Mandi http://hpplanning.nic.in/hdr-mandi.pdfWaterAid 2008 Feeling the pulse: A study of the total sanitation campaign in five states http://www.wateraid.org/~/media/Publications/study-total-sanitation-campaign-india.pdfWolmer , W. 2006 Understanding policy processes: A review of IDS research on the environment http://www.ids.ac.uk/publication/understanding-policy-processes-a-review-of-ids-research-on-the-environmentWorld Bank 2007 Community-Led Total Sanitation in rural areas: An approach that works http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/672891468324551045/Community-led-total-sanitation-in-rural-areas-an-approach-that-worksWorld Bank 2011 The political economy of sanitation: How can we increase investment and improve service for the poor? Water and sanitation program technical paper http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/901631468176676382/Main-repor

Gay Rites: Interaction Rituals And The Social Construction Of Sexual Reality In The Philadelphia Gayborhood

In an era of increased cultural and political acceptance of homosexuality, scholars and laymen alike have investigated whether and how gay spaces, such as bars and neighborhoods, will persist. This dissertation takes an interactionist approach to these questions by interrogating how people actively construct the sexual reality of gay public space—as spaces rooted in sexual identity and as spaces of sexual interaction. I draw on approximately 400 hours of participant observation in gay bars and nightclubs in and around Philadelphia’s Gayborhood neighborhood, as well as countless informal interviews in the bars and 30 supplemental in-depth interviews. My theoretical approach is informed by a Durkheimian tradition that privileges interaction rituals as the bases for macro constructs such as culture, identity, and social stratification. I find that while diverse revelers patronize bars, restaurants, and nightclubs in a slice of Center City Philadelphia where there are rainbow street signs, rainbow flags, and a rainbow crosswalk, these symbols alone do not foster a gay definition of urban space. Collectively, these groups of people re-accomplish the sexual reality of the Gayborhood as gay public space to varying degrees through interaction rituals of socializing, drinking, dancing, holding hands, kissing, singing, and more. Gay rituals do not necessarily need to be enacted by gay people to generate positive emotions and feelings that restock gay symbols with excitement and cultural resonance. I also find that gay bars and nightclubs offer multiple, potentially competing realities. This precarity can exacerbate inequalities in the Gayborhood, such as categorical exclusions rooted in heteronormativity as well as poor mental health outcomes of gay club-goers. Broadly, I argue that the constructs of “gayborhoods” and “gay bars” are ideal contexts to identify and explain the interactional mechanisms through which we conceive of and manage the “sexual” in our social worlds