Review of Rabies Preventions and Control

Rabies is an acute viral infection of the central nervous system, caused by a lyssavirus in the family Rhabdoviridae. It is zoonotic viral disease that can affect all mammals, including humans, cats, dogs, and wildlife and farm animals. The virus is present in the saliva of affected animals, and the most frequent method of transmission to humans is by bites, scratches or licks to broken skin or mucous membranes. The disease has a long incubation period (six months) and symptoms may take several weeks to appear after infection. The first clinical symptom is neuropathic pain at the site of infection or wound due to viral replication. Diagnosis can only be confirmed by laboratory tests preferably conducted post mortem on central nervous system tissue removed from cranium. This paper reviews the possible prevention and control of rabies. Essential components of rabies prevention and control include ongoing public education, responsible pet ownership, routine veterinary care and vaccination, and professional continuing education. Control strategies include quarantine, confirmation of diagnosis, determining the origin and spread of an outbreak. Since rabies is invariably fatal and deadly viral disease that can only be prevented the collaborative effort between Veterinarians and human health care professionals are needed in the prevention and control of rabies

Client Satisfaction with Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV Services in Public Hospitals of Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Background: Prevention of mother-to-child transmission is a term used to describe a comprehensive package of services intended to reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. The vertical virus transmission from mother to child accounts for more than 90% of pediatric Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Published studies on the client satisfaction with PMTCT services’ provision in Ethiopia are generally limited. Even fewer studies do examine client satisfaction with the PMTCT services. Therefore, this study is aimed to assess the client satisfaction with Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV services in public hospitals of Hadiya zone, southern Ethiopia 2017. Methods: Institution based cross-sectional study design using quantitative data collection method was conducted in public hospitals from March 01 to April 10, 2017. A total of 423 pregnant women were consecutively interviewed until the required sample was obtained. The data was entered in to Epi-data and analyzed using SPSS. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were computed to see the predictors for satisfaction of clients on PMTCT service. Result: About 89.8% clients were satisfied with PMTCT services provided at public hospitals. The client satisfaction with PMTCT services was associated with waiting time [AOR =4.648, 95% CI = (2.183, 9.897)], counseling time [AOR =3.748, 95% CI = (1.645, 8.537)] and counseling given by same counselor before and after HIV test [AOR =0.193, 95%CI: (0.090, 0.412)]. Conclusion: Clients’ satisfaction by PMTCT service is very high. Keywords: HIV, prevention, women, PMTCT. DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/89-02 Publication date:May 31st 202

Review of Rabies Preventions and Control

Rabies is an acute viral infection of the central nervous system, caused by a lyssavirus in the family Rhabdoviridae.  It is zoonotic viral disease that can affect all mammals, including humans, cats, dogs, and wildlife and farm animals. The virus is present in the saliva of affected animals, and the most frequent method of transmission to humans is by bites, scratches or licks to broken skin or mucous membranes. The disease has a long incubation period (Six months) and symptoms may take several weeks to appear after infection. The first clinical symptom is neuropathic pain at the site of infection or wound due to viral replication. Diagnosis can only be confirmed by laboratory tests preferably conducted post mortem on central nervous system tissue removed from cranium. This paper reviews the possible prevention and control of rabies. Essential components of rabies prevention and control include ongoing public education, responsible pet ownership, routine veterinary care and vaccination, and professional continuing education.  Control strategies include quarantine, confirmation of diagnosis, determining the origin and spread of an outbreak. Since rabies is invariably fatal and deadly viral disease that can only be prevented the collaborative effort between Veterinarians and human health care professionals are needed in the prevention and control of rabies. Keywords: Control, Rabies, Zoonosis, Vaccine, Preventio

The Place of Multiparty Commercial Arbitration under Ethiopian Arbitration Law

Multiparty arbitration is crafted to satisfy the interest of parties involved in circumventing complex commercial transactions resulting from interdependency ofinternational commerce and globalization. It is all about how the issues of joinder, intervention, consolidation, and appointments of the arbitrator are managed in multiparty commercial disputes. With the primary aim of assessing the legal status, and the place of third-party participation in commercial arbitration, such as joinder, intervention, consolidation, and appointments of the arbitrator in multiparty dispute under Ethiopian arbitration law, doctrinal legal research methodology is employed. Accordingly, the finding of the paper shows that multi-party arbitration is not given proper attention. Neither the 1960 Civil Code (CC) nor the 1965 Civil Procedure Code (CPC) provides for the possibility of joinder, intervention, and consolidation of the arbitration proceeding saving for what's provided under Art.317 (1) of the CPC. The same is true for appointments of arbitrators. Again, the leading arbitration institution in the country, Addis Ababa Chamber of Commerce and Sectorial Association (AACCSA), institutional rules is silent on the issues of joinder, intervention, and consolidation of the arbitral proceeding though it regulated the appointments of arbitrators in multi party disputes.To this effect, the author argues for the proper facilitation of multi-party arbitration in our context because of various reasons. First, since the multiparty dispute is the fruits of globalization, Ethiopia cannot avoid globalization and the conundrum of multi-party disputes. Second, the construction industry in which the issues of the multi-party dispute is common is substantially increasing. Finally, the current move of the Ethiopian government towards the privatization of big companies has also a tendency to increase multi-party disputes. Accordingly, it is recommendable for Ethiopian legislators to reconsider and amend its arbitration law with proper inculcation of modern approaches and practices to multi-party arbitratio

Animal Health Surveillance Data Quality Assessment: The Case Study in Karsa Woreda, Jimma Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2021

Good surveillance data quality is vital for accurate planning and to apply timely and appropriate interventions. Data quality refers to completeness, accuracy and timeliness of data gathered. Despite consistent monthly reporting and clinical case registration, so far there is no document which could provide evidence for the quality status of surveillance data of the livestock sector at woreda level in Ethiopia. In action taken in Liberia after the quality audit, there was remarkable improvement in the quality of the data produced. Retrospective case study was conducted in Karsa woreda of Jimma zone Oromia regional state. The objective of the study is to assess the animal health surveillance data of the woreda and to provide new recommendations. The DOVAR format of the woreda from 2015-2020 and clinic case book were reviewed for the completeness, accuracy and timeliness. The records of data quality indicators in each variable of source document was counted and entered into Microsoft excel sheet. It then line listed and displayed in proportion. The overall data quality and related issues of the woreda were assessed by using a structured interview questions. The study shows that the assessed DOVARs are 83.3% complete. In the assessed reports there are 6.6% missing data, 35% inaccurate data and 31.6% late reports. This study also indicates that 89% of the sampled registered cases in the case book have missing data. The problem of accuracy in the case book is found to be 27.5%. The surveillance data of the woreda have the problem of completeness, accuracy and timeliness. Data collectors didn’t received training on surveillance. The woreda retain the collected data but do not analyze it. The woreda do not have clearly stated objectives for collecting surveillance data. These gaps lead them to have poor data quality DOVARs and case book. Therefore the woreda should develop clear objectives about the data that is needed; develop a clear plan about the best way of obtaining the data; use standardized formats that can capture the data required; train people on how to collect accurate and reliable data; store and retain data. Keywords: Accuracy, Completeness, Data quality, Surveillance Data, Timeliness DOI: 10.7176/JMPB/72-01 Publication date: January 31st 2022

Homosexuality in Ethiopia

Abstract This paper analyses the concept and the construction of homosexuality in relation to the issue of gender and feminism in Ethiopia. While Female homosexuality is simply overlooked, male homosexuality has been criminalised under Ethiopian law with imprisonment up to three years. The media and the elite has been creating homophobia in discourse and linguistic terms; however, it is the church which has been effectively campaigning for hatred and abhorrence against homosexual persons in the county. My hypothesis is that besides the campaigns by the church and the media, gender relation and the absence of feminism have much to do with the status of homosexuality in the country today. My intention is to understand the concept and the construction of homosexuality by the elite and the church, and how this process has shaped the views ordinary citizens currently hold against homosexuality. By analysing media discourse, earlier empirical studies and primary data from interviews, I have come to the understanding that there is a discrepancy between the concept of homosexuality as defined in the west and the concept of homosexuality in Ethiopia. Homosexuality is the least understood subject because it is mostly viewed as only men’s behaviour or disease, which is contagious due to association. Generally, Female homosexuality is unknown to ordinary citizens, and it is less active than male homosexuality. Despite the oppressive environment however, homosexuality is under transformation from being taboo to the issue of public debate due to attitude change induced by the process of globalisation