Review of Rabies Preventions and Control

Rabies is an acute viral infection of the central nervous system, caused by a lyssavirus in the family Rhabdoviridae. It is zoonotic viral disease that can affect all mammals, including humans, cats, dogs, and wildlife and farm animals. The virus is present in the saliva of affected animals, and the most frequent method of transmission to humans is by bites, scratches or licks to broken skin or mucous membranes. The disease has a long incubation period (six months) and symptoms may take several weeks to appear after infection. The first clinical symptom is neuropathic pain at the site of infection or wound due to viral replication. Diagnosis can only be confirmed by laboratory tests preferably conducted post mortem on central nervous system tissue removed from cranium. This paper reviews the possible prevention and control of rabies. Essential components of rabies prevention and control include ongoing public education, responsible pet ownership, routine veterinary care and vaccination, and professional continuing education. Control strategies include quarantine, confirmation of diagnosis, determining the origin and spread of an outbreak. Since rabies is invariably fatal and deadly viral disease that can only be prevented the collaborative effort between Veterinarians and human health care professionals are needed in the prevention and control of rabies

Risk-based surveillance of chicken diseases using poultry trader networks in Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

Highly pathogenic avian diseases such as Newcastle disease and avian influenza have serious social and economic impact in developing countries, including Ethiopia. Live bird markets and poultry traders are known risk factors for the spread of these diseases. In Ethiopia, Oromia regional state is an active chicken breeding region and the live bird markets are located on the main poultry trade road to the capital city Addis Ababa. The networks of chicken movements between 29 shared markets in Oromia regional state were built for festive and non-festive seasons, using a 'trader questionnaire' survey. Five centrality indices, in-degree, out-degree, in-closeness, out-closeness and random-walk betweenness, were calculated and the markets were ordered according to these indices. The festive seasons did not appear to impact the network structure, implying no necessary change of surveillance and control policies during these periods, merely a strengthening due to an increased volume of traded chicken. Three markets emerged as central in the network, with different epidemiological roles. Our findings indicate that these three poultry markets would ideally be chosen in a risk-based type of surveillance system and in targeted control policies. (Texte intégral

ANALIZA DYSKURSU PRAWNICZEGO PRZESŁUCHAŃ ŚWIADKA W SĄDZIE KARNYM W MIEŚCIE ADAMA (REGION OROMIA) W ETIOPII

In everyday conversation the questioners and answerers are in an approximately symmetrical relationship that questioners do not have the information that they are requesting and the answerers are not obliged to answer. On the contrary, in the rule and role governed courtroom question/answer dyad, lawyers usually have particular version of events to control the language of the respondents where witnesses are compelled to respond, and do not have the right to question. So, it may hold back the production and interpretation of the evidence, and consequently hinder the execution of the tasks of the court trial. Such types of courtroom language-related problems are unexplored by academic research in Oromia Regional State. In this regard, no or little is known about these courtroom language-related problems in the criminal courts of the region. In an attempt to fill-in the existing gap, this study investigates how widespread such courtroom linguistic problems are and contribute to the limited conceptual and methodological values of linguistic analysis of courtroom oral discourse in legal institutions of the region. The analysis of this study is based on the authentic, naturally occurring courtroom defense lawyers-witnesses dyad of some Oromia Regional State Criminal Courtrooms. The aim of the study is, therefore, to present the discursive strategies of defense lawyers questioning forms and functions in their attempts to deconstruct persuasive testimony. In so doing, based on the way in which lawyers exploit the specialized speech-exchange linguistic system of the courtroom, the study focuses on the analysis of defense lawyers question forms and functions from the pragma-dialectical discourse perspectives. The findings of the study suggest that the use of declarative question, tag question, and projection question forms are the defense lawyers’ discursive strategies to control and dominate the language of the witnesses. Such questioning forms function by potentially damaging witnesses’ admission and limiting their response boundaries and are found the influential defense lawyers’ discursive strategies through which the existing narratives of the witnesses are attacked and deconstructed.W codziennych rozmowach pytający i udzielający odpowiedzi pozostają w mniej więcej symetrycznym związku, a odpowiadający nie jest zobowiązany do udzielenia odpowiedzi. Na sali sądowej sytuacja jest odmienna. Przesłuchiwani w charakterze zarówno świadków są zobligowani do udzielania odpowiedzi na pytania prawników. Autor bada strategie dyskursu obrońców na sali sądowej w Sądzie karnym w mieście Adama (Region Oromia) w Etiopii. Celem badania było pokazanie środków perswazji stosowanych przez obronę w celu uzyskania pożądanych odpowiedzi. Badanie wypełnia lukę, gdyż do tej pory nie zajmowano się tą tematyką w odniesieniu do strategii dyskursu sądowego w Etiopii

Client Satisfaction with Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV Services in Public Hospitals of Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Background: Prevention of mother-to-child transmission is a term used to describe a comprehensive package of services intended to reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. The vertical virus transmission from mother to child accounts for more than 90% of pediatric Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Published studies on the client satisfaction with PMTCT services’ provision in Ethiopia are generally limited. Even fewer studies do examine client satisfaction with the PMTCT services. Therefore, this study is aimed to assess the client satisfaction with Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV services in public hospitals of Hadiya zone, southern Ethiopia 2017. Methods: Institution based cross-sectional study design using quantitative data collection method was conducted in public hospitals from March 01 to April 10, 2017. A total of 423 pregnant women were consecutively interviewed until the required sample was obtained. The data was entered in to Epi-data and analyzed using SPSS. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were computed to see the predictors for satisfaction of clients on PMTCT service. Result: About 89.8% clients were satisfied with PMTCT services provided at public hospitals. The client satisfaction with PMTCT services was associated with waiting time [AOR =4.648, 95% CI = (2.183, 9.897)], counseling time [AOR =3.748, 95% CI = (1.645, 8.537)] and counseling given by same counselor before and after HIV test [AOR =0.193, 95%CI: (0.090, 0.412)]. Conclusion: Clients’ satisfaction by PMTCT service is very high. Keywords: HIV, prevention, women, PMTCT. DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/89-02 Publication date:May 31st 202

Review of Rabies Preventions and Control

Rabies is an acute viral infection of the central nervous system, caused by a lyssavirus in the family Rhabdoviridae.  It is zoonotic viral disease that can affect all mammals, including humans, cats, dogs, and wildlife and farm animals. The virus is present in the saliva of affected animals, and the most frequent method of transmission to humans is by bites, scratches or licks to broken skin or mucous membranes. The disease has a long incubation period (Six months) and symptoms may take several weeks to appear after infection. The first clinical symptom is neuropathic pain at the site of infection or wound due to viral replication. Diagnosis can only be confirmed by laboratory tests preferably conducted post mortem on central nervous system tissue removed from cranium. This paper reviews the possible prevention and control of rabies. Essential components of rabies prevention and control include ongoing public education, responsible pet ownership, routine veterinary care and vaccination, and professional continuing education.  Control strategies include quarantine, confirmation of diagnosis, determining the origin and spread of an outbreak. Since rabies is invariably fatal and deadly viral disease that can only be prevented the collaborative effort between Veterinarians and human health care professionals are needed in the prevention and control of rabies. Keywords: Control, Rabies, Zoonosis, Vaccine, Preventio

The Place of Multiparty Commercial Arbitration under Ethiopian Arbitration Law

Multiparty arbitration is crafted to satisfy the interest of parties involved in circumventing complex commercial transactions resulting from interdependency ofinternational commerce and globalization. It is all about how the issues of joinder, intervention, consolidation, and appointments of the arbitrator are managed in multiparty commercial disputes. With the primary aim of assessing the legal status, and the place of third-party participation in commercial arbitration, such as joinder, intervention, consolidation, and appointments of the arbitrator in multiparty dispute under Ethiopian arbitration law, doctrinal legal research methodology is employed. Accordingly, the finding of the paper shows that multi-party arbitration is not given proper attention. Neither the 1960 Civil Code (CC) nor the 1965 Civil Procedure Code (CPC) provides for the possibility of joinder, intervention, and consolidation of the arbitration proceeding saving for what's provided under Art.317 (1) of the CPC. The same is true for appointments of arbitrators. Again, the leading arbitration institution in the country, Addis Ababa Chamber of Commerce and Sectorial Association (AACCSA), institutional rules is silent on the issues of joinder, intervention, and consolidation of the arbitral proceeding though it regulated the appointments of arbitrators in multi party disputes.To this effect, the author argues for the proper facilitation of multi-party arbitration in our context because of various reasons. First, since the multiparty dispute is the fruits of globalization, Ethiopia cannot avoid globalization and the conundrum of multi-party disputes. Second, the construction industry in which the issues of the multi-party dispute is common is substantially increasing. Finally, the current move of the Ethiopian government towards the privatization of big companies has also a tendency to increase multi-party disputes. Accordingly, it is recommendable for Ethiopian legislators to reconsider and amend its arbitration law with proper inculcation of modern approaches and practices to multi-party arbitratio