Review of Rabies Preventions and Control

Rabies is an acute viral infection of the central nervous system, caused by a lyssavirus in the family Rhabdoviridae. It is zoonotic viral disease that can affect all mammals, including humans, cats, dogs, and wildlife and farm animals. The virus is present in the saliva of affected animals, and the most frequent method of transmission to humans is by bites, scratches or licks to broken skin or mucous membranes. The disease has a long incubation period (six months) and symptoms may take several weeks to appear after infection. The first clinical symptom is neuropathic pain at the site of infection or wound due to viral replication. Diagnosis can only be confirmed by laboratory tests preferably conducted post mortem on central nervous system tissue removed from cranium. This paper reviews the possible prevention and control of rabies. Essential components of rabies prevention and control include ongoing public education, responsible pet ownership, routine veterinary care and vaccination, and professional continuing education. Control strategies include quarantine, confirmation of diagnosis, determining the origin and spread of an outbreak. Since rabies is invariably fatal and deadly viral disease that can only be prevented the collaborative effort between Veterinarians and human health care professionals are needed in the prevention and control of rabies

Review of Rabies Preventions and Control

Rabies is an acute viral infection of the central nervous system, caused by a lyssavirus in the family Rhabdoviridae.  It is zoonotic viral disease that can affect all mammals, including humans, cats, dogs, and wildlife and farm animals. The virus is present in the saliva of affected animals, and the most frequent method of transmission to humans is by bites, scratches or licks to broken skin or mucous membranes. The disease has a long incubation period (Six months) and symptoms may take several weeks to appear after infection. The first clinical symptom is neuropathic pain at the site of infection or wound due to viral replication. Diagnosis can only be confirmed by laboratory tests preferably conducted post mortem on central nervous system tissue removed from cranium. This paper reviews the possible prevention and control of rabies. Essential components of rabies prevention and control include ongoing public education, responsible pet ownership, routine veterinary care and vaccination, and professional continuing education.  Control strategies include quarantine, confirmation of diagnosis, determining the origin and spread of an outbreak. Since rabies is invariably fatal and deadly viral disease that can only be prevented the collaborative effort between Veterinarians and human health care professionals are needed in the prevention and control of rabies. Keywords: Control, Rabies, Zoonosis, Vaccine, Preventio

Client Satisfaction with Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV Services in Public Hospitals of Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Background: Prevention of mother-to-child transmission is a term used to describe a comprehensive package of services intended to reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. The vertical virus transmission from mother to child accounts for more than 90% of pediatric Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Published studies on the client satisfaction with PMTCT services’ provision in Ethiopia are generally limited. Even fewer studies do examine client satisfaction with the PMTCT services. Therefore, this study is aimed to assess the client satisfaction with Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV services in public hospitals of Hadiya zone, southern Ethiopia 2017. Methods: Institution based cross-sectional study design using quantitative data collection method was conducted in public hospitals from March 01 to April 10, 2017. A total of 423 pregnant women were consecutively interviewed until the required sample was obtained. The data was entered in to Epi-data and analyzed using SPSS. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were computed to see the predictors for satisfaction of clients on PMTCT service. Result: About 89.8% clients were satisfied with PMTCT services provided at public hospitals. The client satisfaction with PMTCT services was associated with waiting time [AOR =4.648, 95% CI = (2.183, 9.897)], counseling time [AOR =3.748, 95% CI = (1.645, 8.537)] and counseling given by same counselor before and after HIV test [AOR =0.193, 95%CI: (0.090, 0.412)]. Conclusion: Clients’ satisfaction by PMTCT service is very high. Keywords: HIV, prevention, women, PMTCT. DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/89-02 Publication date:May 31st 202

Animal Health Surveillance Data Quality Assessment: The Case Study in Karsa Woreda, Jimma Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2021

Good surveillance data quality is vital for accurate planning and to apply timely and appropriate interventions. Data quality refers to completeness, accuracy and timeliness of data gathered. Despite consistent monthly reporting and clinical case registration, so far there is no document which could provide evidence for the quality status of surveillance data of the livestock sector at woreda level in Ethiopia. In action taken in Liberia after the quality audit, there was remarkable improvement in the quality of the data produced. Retrospective case study was conducted in Karsa woreda of Jimma zone Oromia regional state. The objective of the study is to assess the animal health surveillance data of the woreda and to provide new recommendations. The DOVAR format of the woreda from 2015-2020 and clinic case book were reviewed for the completeness, accuracy and timeliness. The records of data quality indicators in each variable of source document was counted and entered into Microsoft excel sheet. It then line listed and displayed in proportion. The overall data quality and related issues of the woreda were assessed by using a structured interview questions. The study shows that the assessed DOVARs are 83.3% complete. In the assessed reports there are 6.6% missing data, 35% inaccurate data and 31.6% late reports. This study also indicates that 89% of the sampled registered cases in the case book have missing data. The problem of accuracy in the case book is found to be 27.5%. The surveillance data of the woreda have the problem of completeness, accuracy and timeliness. Data collectors didn’t received training on surveillance. The woreda retain the collected data but do not analyze it. The woreda do not have clearly stated objectives for collecting surveillance data. These gaps lead them to have poor data quality DOVARs and case book. Therefore the woreda should develop clear objectives about the data that is needed; develop a clear plan about the best way of obtaining the data; use standardized formats that can capture the data required; train people on how to collect accurate and reliable data; store and retain data. Keywords: Accuracy, Completeness, Data quality, Surveillance Data, Timeliness DOI: 10.7176/JMPB/72-01 Publication date: January 31st 2022

Homosexuality in Ethiopia

Abstract This paper analyses the concept and the construction of homosexuality in relation to the issue of gender and feminism in Ethiopia. While Female homosexuality is simply overlooked, male homosexuality has been criminalised under Ethiopian law with imprisonment up to three years. The media and the elite has been creating homophobia in discourse and linguistic terms; however, it is the church which has been effectively campaigning for hatred and abhorrence against homosexual persons in the county. My hypothesis is that besides the campaigns by the church and the media, gender relation and the absence of feminism have much to do with the status of homosexuality in the country today. My intention is to understand the concept and the construction of homosexuality by the elite and the church, and how this process has shaped the views ordinary citizens currently hold against homosexuality. By analysing media discourse, earlier empirical studies and primary data from interviews, I have come to the understanding that there is a discrepancy between the concept of homosexuality as defined in the west and the concept of homosexuality in Ethiopia. Homosexuality is the least understood subject because it is mostly viewed as only men’s behaviour or disease, which is contagious due to association. Generally, Female homosexuality is unknown to ordinary citizens, and it is less active than male homosexuality. Despite the oppressive environment however, homosexuality is under transformation from being taboo to the issue of public debate due to attitude change induced by the process of globalisation

Effect of Capital Structure on Firm’s Profitability (Evidence from Endowment Fund for Rehabilitation of Tigray /EFFORT/Manufacturing Companies)

Capital structure the mix of securities and the proportionate sums that make up capitalization. It is the combination of unlike sources of long-term sources such as equity shares, preference shares, debentures, long-term loans and retained earnings. The term capital structure refers to the link between the various long-term sources financing such as equity capital, preference share capital and debt capital. This research was done to assess the effect of capital structure on profitability of EFFORT manufacturing companies. The researcher used secondary sources of data, which is audited financial statements such as balance sheet and income statement of eight (8) manufacturing companies from period of 2008 to 2017. The companies selected are those operated for at least 10 years. Because of this all selected samples are aged in the operation more than ten (10) years. For this study panel data of eight (8) manufacturing firms for ten (10) years from (2008 to 2017) is used. Independent variables used for this study were total debt to total asset, total debt to equity, and Long-term debt to total assets  and dependent variable were return on assets, and also control variables were firm size, sales growth rate and tangibility. Under this study descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were employed. For panel data regression, random effects regression was used for the data analysis. The result of the study shows that total debt to assets (TDA) and Long term debt to total assets (LTDA) are negatively significant with profitability of the firm and total debt to equity (TDE) is positively significant with profitability of the firm. As the result shows most of EFFORT manufacturing firms’ use debt financing. The researcher recommends that for all managers of EFFORT manufacturing companies’ equity source of finance is more profitable than debt financing. Keywords: capital structure, profitability, returns on assets, total debt to assets, Long term debt to total assets, and total debt to equity. DOI: 10.7176/RJFA/11-7-05 Publication date: April 30th 202