Are Franchisors With International Operations Different From Those Who Are Domestic Market Oriented?

This study compares franchisors with international operations with franchisors who are domestic market oriented. Using the existing literature, the author develops various hypotheses and tests them on a sample of 420 franchisors. Findings indicate that franchisors seek international markets after they have saturated domestic markets. Monitoring experience of a franchisor is positively related to the likelihood that a franchisor operates internationally. No differences in franchisee fee were found between franchisors who operate in domestic markets exclusively and those with international operations. Franchisors with international operations have lower royalty rates compared with those that do not

A Bibliometric Analysis of Franchising Research

This article conducts a bibliometric analysis of published research on the topic of franchising during the last three decades (1988–2017). This analysis is based on 570 articles related to franchising, from 108 journals published by 785 authors, taken from the Web of Science database. This article complements our understanding of the intellectual foundations of franchising research by highlighting the impact of authors, articles, journals and topics of interest. Given that franchising research cut across many functional areas and disciplines, the analysis provides insights for established and novice researchers, educational institutions and policymakers in understanding the evolution of this field

Completely continuous functions in intuitionistic fuzzy topological spaces

summary:In this paper, after giving the basic results related to the product of functions and the graph of functions in intuitionistic fuzzy topological spaces, we introduce and study the concept of fuzzy completely continuous functions between intuitionistic fuzzy topological spaces

The Successful Product Pioneer: Maintaining Commitment While Adapting to Change

Introducing pioneering products is an important entrepreneurial activity and the lifeblood of small businesses, yet previous literature on pioneering and performance in small firms has been inconclusive. Based on data gathered from entrepreneurs in 51 small computer firms, the study found that commitment (entrepreneurial confidence) and adaptability (corporate entrepreneurship and environmental dynamism) were especially beneficial to pioneers. The other three variables (product championing, marketing emphasis, and technological newness) contributed to performance across all new product introductions but did not have modifying effects on pioneering introductions in particular