Antioxidative response of FHB resistant wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotype under Fusarium spp. exposure

Vrste roda Fusarium spp. uzročnici su biotičkog stresa na žitaricama koji uzrokuje zaraznu bolest pšenice poznatiju kao fuzarijska palež klasa (FHB). FHB ima negativni učinak na kvalitetu zrna i prinosa što utječe na proizvodni sektor. Cilj ovoga rada bio je istražiti fiziološki odgovor FHB-otpornog genotipa pšenice „Apache“ izloženog vrstama roda Fusarium spp prateći aktivnost gvajakol peroksidaze (POD), katalaze (CAT), askorbat peroksidaze (APX), polifenol oksidaze (PPO), sadržaj malondialdehida (MDA), ukupne topljive proteine i koncentraciju H2O2. Cvjetovi biljke u fazi izbacivanja prašnika, umjetno su zaraženi suspenzijom spora i ostavljeni u uvjetima in vivo. Klasovi su uzorkovani nakon 2., 4., 7. i 14. dana infekcije. Inficirane biljke pokazale su smanjenu aktivnost POD (2. dan) i CAT (2. i 4. dan) te povećanu količinu MDA u odnosu na kontrolu što govori kako ovi enzimi nisu dio ranog odgovora na stres. Nadalje, u zaraženih biljaka, nakon 4. dana uočena je indukcija aktivnosti POD te pad sadržaja MDA u odnosu na 2., 7. i 14. dan, iz čega slijedi kako POD u ovog genotipa doprinosi FHB-otpornosti. Povećana aktivnost CAT i APX te porast sadržaja MDA nakon 14. dana infekcije govori da navedeni enzimi u „Apache“ ne doprinose razumijevanju FHB-otpornosti.Fusarium spp. species as elicitors of biotic stress in crops are causers of serious wheat disease named Fusarium head blight (FHB). FHB has a negative impact on grain quality and yield affecting thus manufacturing sector. The goal of present study was to check the physiological response of FHB-resistant wheat genotype “Apache” under Fusarium spp. exposure by measuring the activities of guaiacol peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), MDA (malondialdehyde) content, total soluble protein content and H2O2 concentration. At the anthesis stage, flowers were artificially infected by the spore suspension and left under natural conditions. The ears were collected in several occasions (2, 4, 7 and 14 days after infection). Treated plants showed decreased POD (2. day) and CAT (2. and 4. day) as well as enlargement of MDA content compared to control suggesting that POD and CAT were not included in early response. After 4th day, Fusarium treated plants exhibited induction of POD activity, decline in MDA content compared to 2nd, 7th, and 14th day referring to its FHB-resistance. Higher CAT and APX activity, together with the increased MDA content after 14th day suggest that those enzymes in “Apache” do not contribute in understanding the FHB-resistance

Antioxidative response of FHB resistant wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotype under Fusarium spp. exposure

Vrste roda Fusarium spp. uzročnici su biotičkog stresa na žitaricama koji uzrokuje zaraznu bolest pšenice poznatiju kao fuzarijska palež klasa (FHB). FHB ima negativni učinak na kvalitetu zrna i prinosa što utječe na proizvodni sektor. Cilj ovoga rada bio je istražiti fiziološki odgovor FHB-otpornog genotipa pšenice „Apache“ izloženog vrstama roda Fusarium spp prateći aktivnost gvajakol peroksidaze (POD), katalaze (CAT), askorbat peroksidaze (APX), polifenol oksidaze (PPO), sadržaj malondialdehida (MDA), ukupne topljive proteine i koncentraciju H2O2. Cvjetovi biljke u fazi izbacivanja prašnika, umjetno su zaraženi suspenzijom spora i ostavljeni u uvjetima in vivo. Klasovi su uzorkovani nakon 2., 4., 7. i 14. dana infekcije. Inficirane biljke pokazale su smanjenu aktivnost POD (2. dan) i CAT (2. i 4. dan) te povećanu količinu MDA u odnosu na kontrolu što govori kako ovi enzimi nisu dio ranog odgovora na stres. Nadalje, u zaraženih biljaka, nakon 4. dana uočena je indukcija aktivnosti POD te pad sadržaja MDA u odnosu na 2., 7. i 14. dan, iz čega slijedi kako POD u ovog genotipa doprinosi FHB-otpornosti. Povećana aktivnost CAT i APX te porast sadržaja MDA nakon 14. dana infekcije govori da navedeni enzimi u „Apache“ ne doprinose razumijevanju FHB-otpornosti.Fusarium spp. species as elicitors of biotic stress in crops are causers of serious wheat disease named Fusarium head blight (FHB). FHB has a negative impact on grain quality and yield affecting thus manufacturing sector. The goal of present study was to check the physiological response of FHB-resistant wheat genotype “Apache” under Fusarium spp. exposure by measuring the activities of guaiacol peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), MDA (malondialdehyde) content, total soluble protein content and H2O2 concentration. At the anthesis stage, flowers were artificially infected by the spore suspension and left under natural conditions. The ears were collected in several occasions (2, 4, 7 and 14 days after infection). Treated plants showed decreased POD (2. day) and CAT (2. and 4. day) as well as enlargement of MDA content compared to control suggesting that POD and CAT were not included in early response. After 4th day, Fusarium treated plants exhibited induction of POD activity, decline in MDA content compared to 2nd, 7th, and 14th day referring to its FHB-resistance. Higher CAT and APX activity, together with the increased MDA content after 14th day suggest that those enzymes in “Apache” do not contribute in understanding the FHB-resistance

Membrane filtration in food technology

Membranski procesi u prehrambenoj industriji su separacijski procesi pomoću kojih se vrši koncentracija ili dehidratacija namirnica kroz semipermeabilnu membranu te uz primijenjeni tlak u svrhu smanjenja aktivnosti mikroorganizama i usporavanju degradativnih kemijskih reakcija, kako bi se povećala stabilnost hrane, te smanjili troškovi pakiranja, skladištenja i transporta. U membranske procese se ubrajaju slijedeći procesi: mikrofiltracija, ultrafiltracija, nanofiltracija i reverzna osmoza, koji se razlikuju po veličini pora na membrani te primijenjenom tlaku. Transport otapala ili otopljene tvari kroz membranu temelji se na selektivnoj propusnosti membrane uz određeni primijenjeni tlak. Razlikujemo dva osnovna postupka membranske filtracije ovisno o toku tečenja fluida u odnosu na membranu: „dead end“ ili statička filtracija i „cross-flow“ ili dinamička filtracija. Membrane mogu biti podijeljene u nekoliko podjela: prema fizičkoj strukturi, mehanizmu separacije, kemijskoj strukturi i geometrijskom obliku. Nadalje, modul predstavlja najmanju jedinicu koja sadrži membranu, tj on je najmanja jedinica koja je sposobna obavljati proces membranske filtracije. Moduli se dijele na: pločaste, cijevne, kapilarne, module sa šupljim vlaknima i spiralne.Membrane filtration in food technology is a separation process. With it we can accomplish concentration or dehydration of food through semipermeable membrane and pressure to decrease microbiological activity and degradative chemical reactions to increase food stability also bringing lower packaging cost, storage and transport. Furthermore membrane filtration processes are: microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. From process to process their pore size and applied pressure vary. Firstly, we differentiate two basic processes of membrane filtration depending on fluid flow through membrane: „dead end“ or static and „cross-flow“ or dynamic filtration. Secondly, membranes can be divided by few groups: by their physical structure, chemical structure, separation mechanism and geometrical shape. Finally, modules represent the smallest unit with membrane that is capable of performing membrane filtration process and can be divided into few groups: pleated flat sheet membrane, spiral wound flat sheet membrane, ceramic monolith element membrane and tubular membrane

Analysis of Application of the Electrical Engines with Ecological Aspect in the Road Traffic

Kroz rad je analizirana primjena električnog pogona u cestovnom prometu i mogućnost primjene tog pogona. Opisani su razlozi uporabe alternativnih goriva te u kojoj mjeri mogu doprinijeti smanjenju negativnog utjecaja cestovnog prometa na život i okoliš. Električni pogon je uspoređen s konvencionalnim pogonom i sa ostalim alternativnim gorivima u cestovnom prometu. U svrhu smanjenja emisija cestovnih vozila i utroška energije analiziran je utjecaj električnog pogona te kako bi njegova primjena i u kojoj mjeri bi smanjila emisije ispušnih plinova i utrošak energije. Navedene su prednosti i nedostatci električnog pogona kao i mogućnog primjene. Kroz regulativu Europske Unije i Republike Hrvatske dane su smjernice za budućnost električnog pogona.Thru the work is analysis application of electrical engine in road traffic and possibility of application of that drive. It is described reasons of use alternative fuels and in which measurement it can contribute reduction of negative influent that road traffic does at environment and living. Electrical drive is compared with conventional drive and with other alternative fuels in road traffic and transport. In aim of reduction of tailpipe emission of road vehicle and energy consumption it is analyzed influence of electrical drive and in which measurement it will reduce tailpipe emission and energy consumption. There are listed advantage and disadvantage of electrical drive and possibility of an application. Thru regulation of Europe Union and Republic of Croatia there are guidelines for future of electric drive

Povezanost biološke terapije i malignih bolesti u upalnim reumatskim bolestima

Inflammatory rheumatic diseases are chronic, progressive autoimmune diseases which affect the musculoskeletal system and other organ systems. Nowadays, a large number of patients is treated with biological therapy. Although biological drugs selectively affect specific molecules of the immune system, they weaken the overall immune system of the body. Therefore, the patients are more susceptible to infections and other diseases such as lymphomas, breast and skin cancers and melanomas. Chronic inflammation which occurs due to autoimmune disease is also a risk factor for malignant development. So far, studies have not proven direct correlation between biological therapy and solid or haematologic tumours. On the other hand, the increased risk for developing skin cancer in patients on tumour necrosis factor alpha inhibitors has been described. In this review paper we analysed the available medical literature on the risks for malignant disease development in patients with rheumatic diseases who are on biological disease – modifying anti-rheumatic drugs.Sistemske upalne reumatske bolesti jesu kronične, progresivne autoimunosne bolesti koje zahvaćaju lokomotorni sustav i druge organske sustave. Danas je sve više bolesnika liječeno biološkom terapijom. Iako biološki lijekovi selektivno djeluju na specifične molekule imunosnog sustava, oni smanjuju opću obrambenu funkciju organizma, zbog čega su bolesnici podložniji infekcijama, ali i nekim malignim bolestima poput limfoma, karcinoma kože, dojke ili melanoma. Također, sama kronična upala u sklopu autoimunosne bolesti jest rizični čimbenik za razvoj tumorske bolesti. Prema do sada objavljenim studijama, nije dokazana jednoznačna povezanost primjene bioloških lijekova s razvojem solidnih i hematoloških tumora. Suprotno tomu, istraživanja su pokazala povezanost primjene inhibitora tumorske nekroze alfa i razvoja tumora kože. U ovom preglednom radu analizirana je dostupna medicinska literatura o rizicima za razvoj malignih bolesti u bolesnika s reumatološkim bolestima koji su liječeni biološkim antireumatskim lijekovima koji mijenjaju tijek bolesti

Laparoskopska holecistektomija u cirotičnih bolesnika

In the beginning, liver cirrhosis was considered a contraindication for laparoscopic cholecystectomy, mostly for the same reasons as for other surgical procedures, i.e. mild to severe bleeding tendency, prolonged wound healing due to hypoproteinemia, and various metabolic disorders. The effect of CO2 pneumoperitoneum on the cirrhotic liver was also discussed. Results obtained by laparoscopic cholecystectomy in 24 liver cirrhosis patients are presented. The experience acquired since the introduction of laparoscopic procedures at our unit is briefly described. The index of conversion was 4.16% (1/24) and mortality rate 0. The mean length of hospital stay was 2.9 days. The use of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallstone disease is proposed in patients with liver cirrhosis as the first choice operative method of treatment.U početku razvoja laparoskopskih operacija žučnjaka ciroza jetre opisivala se kao jedna od kontraindikacija, uglavnom iz istih razloga kao i za druge kirurške zahvate kao što su sklonost krvarenju, produženo cijeljenje rana zbog hipoproteinemije, te razni metabolični poremećaji. Neki autori su prikazali i djelovanje CO2 pneumoperitoneuma na cirotičnu jetru. Ovdje su prikazani rezultati i iskustvo stečeno primjenom laparoskopske holecistektomije u 24 bolesnika s cirozom jetre. Nije bilo smrtnog ishoda. U jednoga je bolesnika učinjena konverzija zbog krvarenja. Prosječeno vrijeme hospitalizacije bilo je 2,9 dana. Na osnovi iskustva laparoskopska se holecistektomija preporuča kao metoda izbora u liječenju simptomatske holelitijaze u bolesnika s jetrenom cirozom

Relativno mirovanje crijeva i zaraštanje anastomoza kolona

The effect of relative bowel rest on the strength of surgical anastomoses in the left colon in the early phase of healing, and correlation between mechanical strength of anastomosis and collagen content in the colonic wall were investigated. The breaking strength of surgical stitches in the left colon after end-to-end anastomosis and collagen content in the colonic wall around the anastomosis were measured and evaluated in rats fed low residue or standard diet. The anastomosis strength decreased by approximately 30% of the immediate postoperative value in the first two days in both groups. After day 2, there was an increase in the anastomosis strength, reaching day 0 strength after 7 days. The strength increase was mainly due to collagen deposition in the anastomosis. From day 0 till day 2, the increase in collagen content was greater in the standard laboratory diet group than in the low residue diet group. Results on anastomotic adhesions and condition of anastomosis sutures in animals on the standard laboratory diet group and low residue diet group are also presented. Low residue diet did not impair the suture holding capacity or anastomosis strength. Instead, there was evidence for a more uncomplicated healing when the bowel content was diminished.Istraživan je utjecaj crijevnog sadržaja na snagu anastomoze lijevog kolona u ranoj fazi cijeljenja, te odnos između mehaničke snage anastomoze i sadržaja kolagena u crijevnoj stjenci. Mjerena je i procijenjena snaga pucanja kirurških šavova na lijevom kolonu nakon termino-terminalne anastomoze, te sadržaj kolagena u crijevnoj stjenci oko anastomoza kod štakora kojima je davana hrana s minimalnim ostatkom i štakora hranjenih standardnom hranom. Snaga anastomoze se smanjila za oko 30% u odnosu na neposrednu poslijeoperacijsku vrijednost u prva dva dana kod obje skupine životinja. Nakon drugog dana snaga anastomoze postupno je rasla, da bi sedmoga dana dosegla poslijeoperacijske vrijednosti. Ovaj porast snage uglavnom je bio uvjetovan odlaganjem kolagena u crijevnu stjenku oko anastomoze. Od nultog do drugog dana porast sadržaja kolagena bio je veći u skupini životinja na standardnoj prehrani. Prikazane su i pojave priraslica oko anastomoza, te stanje kirurških šavova kod životinja koje su dobivale hranu s minimalnim ostatkom i onih na standardnoj prehrani. Prehrana s minimalnim ostatkom ne utječe na snagu anastomoze i stanje kirurških šavova anastomoze. Ipak, očito je da smanjenje crijevnog sadržaja doprinosi boljem cijeljenju anastomoza

Time-course experiment of Fusarium infestation of wheat genotypes with the emphasis on the physiological response

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most significant food cereal in the world. Under natural conditions, biotic and abiotic stress factors can seriously endanger the plant growth and development. Fusarium head blight (FHB), mainly caused by F. graminearum and F. culmorum, is a disease that has negative effects on economy, namely on the yield and the quality of the grain. In this research, the activities of guaiacol peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), as well as H2O2 concentration and malonedialdehyde (MDA) content, were determined in three wheat genotypes of various resistance to FHB (“Super Žitarka”- sensitive; “Lucija”- moderately resistant, and “Apache”- resistant) after the 2nd and the 4th day of infestation. The infected plants of “Lucija” showed higher POD activity compared to control after the 4th day, and increased POD activity compared to the 2nd day of infection. On the 2nd day, “Apache” responded to pathogen by the enhanced APX activity, and higher MDA level, compared to the 4th day of treatment when it started to decrease. Moreover, the treated plants of the same genotype showed the increased MDA level on the 2nd day, unlike the untreated plants. Contrarily, H2O2 concentration in “Apache” showed the tendency to increase with the time of Fusarium-exposure. In comparison to the 2nd day of treatment, PPO activity decreased in “Super Žitarka” on the 4th day. In all genotypes at both sampling points, CAT activity did not change significantly under the pathogen attack. Overproduction of H2O2 accompanied with the increased APX activity 2 days after infection may lead to the conclusion that FHB tolerance of “Apache” is ensured by the earlier activation of the defence mechanisms

Antioksidacijski odgovor genotipova pšenice u uvjetima infekcije vrstama roda Fusarium

Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by fungi Fusarium spp., is a serious wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) disease that can reduce yield and quality of the grain. Fungi produces mycotoxins that can be harmful to humans and animals. Plants provide ROS-scavening mechanisms that include both antioxidative enzymatic and nonenzymatic systems. Enhanced activities of ROS antioxidative enzymes can be a great indicator of genotype susceptibility under pathogen infestation. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of Fusarium spp. in three wheat genotypes (‘Super Žitarka’, ‘Apache’ and ‘Lucija’) through activity of antioxidative enzymes, level of lipid peroxidation, H$_{2}$O$_{2}$ concentration and protein content. At the anthesis, ears were inoculated by the suspension of Fusarium spp. and left under in vivo conditions. After 7 days of treatment in all wheat genotypes, Fusarium did not cause notable changes in catalase (CAT) activity. Treated ears of ‘Super Žitarka’ showed inhibition of APX activity. At the same time in ‘Lucija’ pathogen induced remarkably increase in activity of guaiacol peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), decreased H$_{2}$O$_{2}$ concentration, decline in malonedialdehyde (MDA) content and lower protein content. The variances in antioxidative response and protein content imply genetic variability of wheat genotypes, which can cause differences in Fusarium spp. susceptibility

Ozljeda glavnog žučnog voda nakon laparoskopske kolecistektomije: prikaz slučaja

Despite progress in laparoscopic surgery and increasing surgical experience, the incidence of bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy fails to fall below 0.3%-0.6% and it is still higher than those recorded in the era of open cholecystectomy. Bile duct injuries belong to the most serious complications of abdominal surgery in general and often end up with liver transplantation as the only hope for cure. We present a case of a 78-year-old jaundiced male patient who sustained common hepatic duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy eight months earlier. Exploratory laparotomy, ERCP and MRCP revealed a metal clip placed just below hepatic duct confluence and causing stricture of bile duct with dilatation of bile ducts proximal to the level of stenosis (Strasberg classification type E3 injury). Repair of the injury was performed by creating termino-lateral hepaticojejunostomy between the right and left hepatic ducts and retrocolic Roux en-Y jejunal limb. By presenting this case, we wish to emphasize the importance of timely conversion and execution of intraoperative cholangiography in all cases when identification of the structures of Calot’s triangle is not clear enough. Successful treatment of bile duct injury is only possible with joint approach of radiologist, gastroenterologist and experienced hepatobiliary surgeon.Unatoč napretku laparoskopske kirurgije te povećanju kirurškog iskustva incidencija ozljede žučnih vodova tijekom laparoskopske kolecistektomije ne uspijeva se spustiti ispod razine od 0,3%-0,6% pa je i dalje viša od one iz doba klasične kolecistektomije. Ozljede žučnih vodova pripadaju skupini najtežih komplikacija općenito abdominalne kirurgije te nerijetko završavaju transplantacijom jetre kao jedinom nadom za izliječenje. Predstavljamo slučaj 78-godišnjeg ikteričnog bolesnika bez kolangitisa koji je zadobio ozljedu žučnog voda osam mjeseci ranije tijekom laparoskopske kolecistektomije. ERCP-om, MRCP-om te eksplorativnom laparotomijom nađena je metalna klipsa postavljena tik ispod konfluensa duktusa hepatikusa kao uzrok opstrukcije te izrazito dilatirane žučne vodove proksimalno od stenoze (E3 ozljeda po Strasbergovoj klasifikaciji). Drenaža žuči osigurana je kreiranjem retrokolične T-L hepatikojejunalne anastomoze. Prikazom ovoga slučaju želimo naglasiti važnost izvođenja intraoperacijske kolangiografije tijekom kolecistektomije u svim slučajevima kada nije dovoljno jasna identifikacija struktura Calotova trokuta. Uspješno liječenje ozljede žučnog voda može se provesti samo uz zajednički pristup radiologa, gastroenterologa i iskusnog hepatobilijarnog kirurga