The Role of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Detection on Oral Mucosa in Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Background. Tuberculosis is one of the world's health problems, with larger mortality rate than HIV/AIDS. In order to control this disease, a new and inexpensive diagnostic method is needed. Oral samples, such as buccal mucosa epithelium, can be an alternative specimen, other than sputum, in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Purpose. This study aimed to analyze the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis on buccal swabbing of tuberculosis patients. Method. Study was conducted on 18 new pulmonary tuberculosis patients in TB DOTS unit of Dr. Soetomo General Hospital. Each subject was swabbed on the buccal mucosa of the oral cavity for subsequent examination of PCR, AFB, and culture to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the oral cavity. Result. The results showed that Mycobacterium tuberculosis was detected from 2 study subjects (11%) using PCR, whereas in AFB and culture examination methods no Mycobacterium tuberculosis was detected on buccal mucosa of the oral cavity. Conclusion. This study showed that Mycobacterium tuberculosis was detected on buccal mucosa swab of tuberculosis patients based on PCR technique, but this method is less suitable in diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis

Acid fast bacilli detected in the oral swab sample of a pulmonary tuberculosis patient

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that persists as a health problem worldwide. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as an etiological agent, is transmitted from infected to uninfected individuals via airborne droplet nuclei. Oral health care workers or dental practitioners may be at high risk of TB infection because of their close proximity to infected individuals during treatment procedures. Simple and rapid screening of mycobacterium tuberculosis in the oral cavity is necessary in order to prevent transmission of infection. Purpose: To investigate the presence of acid-fast bacilli in the buccal mucosa of pulmonary TB patients. Methods: Nineteen pulmonary TB patients of both sexes, ranging in age from 19 to 74 years old participated in this study. The diagnosis of tuberculosis was performed by clinical symptom assessment and supporting examination, including acid-fast bacilli on sputum examination. Two buccal mucosa swabs taken from pulmonary TB patients were collected for acid fast bacilli direct smear by Ziehl Neelsen staining. Results: With regard to mycobacterium tuberculosis, acid-fast bacilli presented in 10.5% of the oral buccal mucosa swabs of subjects, whereas in the sputum specimens, bacilli were found in 52.6% of subjects. Conclusion: Acid-fast bacilli can be found in the buccal epithelial mucosa of pulmonary tuberculosis patients, although its presence was very limited

Oral hyperpigmentation as an adverse effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV patients: a systematic review and pooled prevalence

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infects patients via CD4+ cells which are later be destroyed subsequently causing the deteriotation of immune system. HIV generally manifests in the oral cavity as the first indicating sign and a marker of disease progression. HAART medications are used to reduce the incidence of oral manifestations, however it can also generate adverse effects in the oral cavity including oral hyperpigmentation. This review aimed to estimate the prevalence of oral hyperpigmentation which affect individual quality of life as a side effect of HAART.This systematic review applied Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020. Literature search was performed in ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Scopus by combining terms such as highly active antiretroviral therapy, oral manifestation, epidemiology or prevalence published between January 1998 to March 2022.Of 108 articles, eleven articles were included for systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of oral hyperpigmentation in HAART patients was 25% (95% CI: 11%, 38%; I2: 99%). Subgroup analysis based on geographical location showed varied result may be due to the type and duration of HAART used in study population. The most widely used type of ARV was from the NRTI group (n=7) and the study with the shortest duration showed the lowest oral hyperpigmentation prevalence (n=7).There is an increased prevalence of oral hyperpigmentation by the use of HAART. Future study should investigate the correlation between HAART duration and the degree of oral hyperpigmentation

DETEKSI MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS PADA MUKOSA BUKAL RONGGA MULUT PASIEN TUBERKULOSIS PARU BERDASAR TEKNIK PCR

Tuberculosis is one of the world's health problems, as an infectious disease with larger affects on mortality than HIV / AIDS. Increased TB case detection will reduce morbidity, mortality, and infection transmission risk. It shows that new, easy, fast, accurate, and inexpensive diagnostic methods in tuberculosis cases detection are needed in order to TB control. Several studies have been conducted to obtain alternative specimens other than sputum in the diagnosis of tuberculosis, including oral samples, such as mouth rinse, saliva, dental plaque, and oral buccal mucosal epithelium. This study aimed to determine the role of Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection in oral buccal swabbing of tuberculosis patients based on PCR technique. This study was conducted on new pulmonary tuberculosis patients in TB outpatient unit of Dr. Soetomo General Hospital in July 2017 - January 2018. Each study subject was swabbed on the buccal mucosa of the oral cavity for subsequent examination of PCR, AFB, and culture to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the oral cavity. The results showed that Mycobacterium tuberculosis was detected on buccal swab of buccal mucosa from 2 study subjects (11%) using PCR, whereas in AFB and culture examination methods, no Mycobacterium tuberculosis was detected on buccal mucosa of the oral cavity. This was considered to be associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis that was carried by infectious sputum into the oral cavity, but there was an adequate local defense of the oral cavity, such as oral normal flora response and antibacterial function againts Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Accordingly, the microorganisms then failed to get deposited on the mucosal surface and dead. The concordance analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection on buccal swabbing was performed by calculating Cohen's kappa, and value of these three methods against the direct smear sputum examination results are in the poor category. Therefore, this study showed that Mycobacterium tuberculosis was detected on buccal mucosa swab of tuberculosis patients based on PCR technique, but its detection is a less suitable method as the diagnostic approach of pulmonary tuberculosis

Bunga rampai: Penyakit tropis infeksi

Dalam dunia yang semakin terhubung, penyakit tropis membawa tantangan baru yang harus dihadapi oleh tenaga medis dan kesehatan masyarakat. Buku ini menjadi jendela pengetahuan yang mencakup berbagai aspek dari penyakit, seperti kusta, campak, demam tifoid, infeksi norovirus, dan infeksi HIV. Setiap bab didesain untuk memberikan pandangan komprehensif dari definisi hingga langkah-langkah pencegahan, diagnosis, dan terapi yang mutakhir