Convergence of economic growth in Russian megacities

Purpose: The article presents the results of an empirical analysis of the economic growth of Russian cities with a population of over 1 million people (megacities). Design/Methodology/Approach: The analyzed indicator is the city product calculated according to the UN methodology for the period from 2010 to 2016. The paper analyses the process of β- and σ-convergence across Russian megacities using methods of spatial econometrics in addition to the traditional β-convergence techniques from the neoclassical theoretical framework. Findings: The dynamics of the coefficient of variation confirmed the presence of σ-convergence in city product. Empirically, positive spatial autocorrelation has been confirmed. Beta-convergence for Russian megacities is found to be significant and the spatial location of megacities significantly affects β-convergence. Control factors such as fixed capital investment per capita in 2010, average retail volume per capita in 2010, average annual number of employees of enterprises and organizations in 2010 and the dummy variable introduced for “federal cities” Moscow and St. Petersburg are all found to have positive and statistically significant impact on economic growth. Practical Implications: Policymakers may take the results into account under the planning of economical strategies for megacities and regions in Russia in order to facilitate the regional economic growth and the speed of convergence. Originality/Value: The main contribution of the study is the consideration of the economical growth for the megacities and not for the regions as it often used to be the case in similar studies. The important finding is that megacities‘ economies do converge and the influence of control factors is pronounced.peer-reviewe

Экономическое бремя хронического вирусного гепатита С

Background. The spread of chronic viral hepatitis C (CVHC) among the population entails significant costs for society, both direct, associated with the treatment of such patients, and indirect, associated with the shortfall in fiscal payments to the budget, due to the disability of this category of patients. Therefore, an important task remains to assess the global economic burden of the disease, taking into account the pathological conditions of the human body associated with it.Objective: to systematize studies of published sources devoted to assessing the global economic burden of chronic viral hepatitis C.Material and methods. A feature of the proposed review design is paying attention not only to the objects of assessment under study, but also to the instrumental (including mathematical) means of scenario assessment of the global burden. The study analyzed 29 sources published between 2014 and 2020 and dedicated to assessing and forecasting the global economic burden of CVHC both in individual countries and continents as a whole, and in individual regions of countries. The main criterion for the selection of studies was the availability of an estimate of the global burden of CVHC, taking into account the use of direct antiviral drugs for the treatment of hepatitis C. The search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE and eLibrary databases, and in the ResearchGate network.Results. Of the 29 analyzed sources, 40% of the works consider the burden for CVHC only of certain genotypes; in the overwhelming number of articles (80%), when assessing the burden, the distribution of patients by the degree of liver fibrosis is taken into account. In 50% of the studies reviewed, quality of life adjustment tools (QALY or DALY) were used to estimate the global economic burden. A third of the publications took into account both the direct costs of treating CVHC and indirect costs, including those associated with a shortfall in the contribution to the gross national product due to temporary or permanent disability of this category of patients.Conclusion. The analysis showed that interest in assessing the global burden of CVHC began to appear in recent years, when expensive directacting antivirals for the treatment appeared. This is explained by the emergence of a question about the cost of implementing a scenario in which by a certain year it will be possible to completely exclude the spread of the disease. The results of this work may be useful in conducting such studies, including the determining of their design and the use of modern mathematical modeling tools.Актуальность. Распространение хронического вирусного гепатита С (ХВГС) среди населения влечет за собой значительные затраты для общества – как прямые, связанные с лечением, так и косвенные, связанные с недополучением фискальных платежей в бюджет из-за нетрудоспособности таких больных. Поэтому важной задачей остается оценка глобального экономического бремени заболевания с учетом ассоциированных с ним паталогических состояний организма человека.Цель: систематизация опубликованных исследований, посвященных оценке глобального экономического бремени хронического вирусного гепатита С.Материал и методы. Особенностью предложенного дизайна обзора является уделение внимания не только исследуемым объектам оценки, но и применяемым инструментальным (в т.ч. математическим) средствам сценарной оценки глобального бремени. Проведен анализ 29 источников, опубликованных в период с 2014 по 2020 гг. и посвященных оценке и прогнозу глобального экономического бремени ХВГС как в отдельных странах и на континентах в целом, так и в определенных регионах стран. Основным критерием отбора исследований было наличие оценки глобального бремени ХВГС с учетом использования для лечения гепатита С препаратов прямого противовирусного действия. Поиск осуществляли по базам PubMed/MEDLINE и eLibrary, а также в сети ResearchGate.Результаты. Из 29 проанализированных источников в 40% работ рассматривается бремя для ХГВС лишь определенных генотипов, в подавляющем количестве исследований (80%) при оценке бремени учитывается распределение больных по степени фиброза печени. В 50% рассмотренных публикаций использовались инструменты с поправкой бремени на качество жизни: QALY (англ. quality-adjusted life year) или DALY (англ. disability-adjusted life year). В 1/3 исследований учитывались как прямые издержки на лечение ХВГС, так и косвенные затраты, в т.ч. связанные с недополучением вклада в валовой национальный продукт за счет временной либо стойкой нетрудоспособности этой категории больных.Заключение. Анализ показал, что интерес к оценке глобального бремени ХВГС возник в последние годы, когда появились дорогостоящие препараты прямого противовирусного действия. Это объясняется возникновением вопроса о стоимости реализации сценария, при котором к определенному году полностью можно будет исключить распространение болезни. Результаты данной работы будут полезны в проведении подобных исследований, в т.ч. для определения их дизайна и применения современных инструментов математического моделирования

SYSTEM MODELLING OF ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF DESIGN ORGANIZATION IN OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY

The problem of effectivization of design organization in oil and gas industry is being investigated in terms of system modeling. A method of forming production functions of design organization is considered and used for substantiation of cost, expenses, budget of design organization, as well as the mechanism of transparent interaction, cooperation, coordination and control of field development