Molecular-Genetic and Behavioral Analysis of the Functionality of Patterning in the Trigeminal Neuraxis

A striking feature of the vibrissal representation in rodents is the presence; at brainstem (barrellettes), thalamic (barrelloids) and cortical levels (barrels) of a somatotopically organized pattern of neurons which is isomorphic, both morphologically and physiologically, to the pattern of vibrissae on the snout. The vibrissal system is required for several classes of behavior, including feeding and active vibrissal sensing, but the functional role of the patterning in these behaviors is unknown. We used two mutant animals lacking patterning in two areas of the vibrissal neuraxis to examine the functional role of patterning. We examined feeding behavior using a knockout of Prxxl, which abolishes somatotopic barrellette patterning in the lemniscal brainstem nucleus. Null animals were significantly smaller than littermates by postnatal day 5, but reached developmental landmarks at appropriate times, and survived to adulthood on liquid diet. A careful analysis of infant and adult ingestive behavior revealed subtle impairments in suckling, increases in time spent feeding and the duration of feeding bouts, feeding during inappropriate times of day, and difficulties in the mechanics of feeding. During liquid diet feeding, null mice displayed abnormal behaviors including extensive use of the paws to move food into the mouth, submerging the snout in the diet, changes in licking, and also had difficulty consuming solid chow pellets. We suggest that barrellette patterning is necessary for normal ingestive behavior. To examine the role of patterning in active sensing, we used the BRL mouse, an Adenylyl Cyclase 1 mutant in which TCAs enter the cortex but do not cluster into barrels. Prior studies lesioning or chemically silencing barrel cortex suggests that vibrissal active sensing tasks such as texture discrimination are barrel-cortex dependent. However, these studies confound the functional role of the somatotopic barrel patterning with the function of barrel cortex cell activity. Use of the BRL mouse allowed us to dissociate these two. We found that BRL mice are impaired in a texture discrimination task relative to wildtype mice, suggesting a functional role for cortical barrel patterning. We discuss the role of patterning versus topographical organization of afferents

The Indian Army in Historiographical and Instructional Perspective

I. Synthesis Essay……………………………….2 II. Primary Documents and Headnotes………..26 III. Textbook Critique……………………………...31 IV. New Textbook Entry…………………………..36 V. Bibliography………………………………….....42https://digitalcommons.bard.edu/history_mat/1018/thumbnail.jp

Alaska’s Ballot Initiative Today: History, Practice, and Process

Since statehood, Alaska’s Constitution has included the right of the people to enact legislative change by direct democracy. The state’s initiative process as governed by the Alaska Constitution, statutes, and caselaw reflects a delicate balance of citizen participation within carefully crafted guardrails meant to ensure the efficacy of the process and the role of the legislature. Alaska courts have developed a still-evolving body of caselaw interpreting the restrictions on the subject and scope of ballot initiatives, the role of the executive and judicial branches in the initiative process, and the timing and procedural features of the process. Navigating the initiative process can be expensive and arduous, and can involve difficult legal judgments by the courts, the petitioners, and the executive branch. For decades Alaskans have managed to do just that, and direct democracy has proved to be an important tool for advancing the people’s interests when they fail to garner attention or support in the legislature. This piece reviews the history of direct democracy in the Alaska Constitution and the law on Alaska’s ballot initiative process as it currently stands, including important recent updates

Small Talk: The Socialities of Speech in Modern Democratic Life

While a substantial portion of political theory addresses the issue of public, formal communication&mdashparticularly in terms of its effects on democratic citizenship&mdashthere has been comparatively little scholarship that considers the political impact of informal, non-public speech. In this project, I present a theory of &ldquosocial speech&rdquo that fills in this gap, thereby providing a richer understanding of politics and the lived experience of liberal democratic citizenship. I develop this new theory in four stages. First, I begin by critiquing contemporary political theory\u27s singular focus on public, political speech, as exemplified by deliberative democratic and Anglo-American legal theorists. Second, I look to the forefathers of liberal political speech theory (i.e. John Milton and John Stuart Mill) in order to rediscover a classical political theory of social speech. Third, building off of this foundation, I establish my own political theory of social speech, which identifies several mechanisms that explain how informal, everyday communication may affect liberal democratic citizenship and political outcomes in both positive and negative ways. Specifically, I argue that social speech: 1) develops the character traits that make for better or worse democratic citizens; 2) contributes to social capital and trust (based on mutual interests, hopes and objectives); 3) provides training for and information about one\u27s unique political culture; and 4) forges the affective ties that determine the borders of imagined political communities. Finally, I test my theory of social speech through empirical observations and assessments of three common social speech situations: Internet speak, safe space speech and social hate speech. These case studies prove that social speech actually does affect democratic citizenship and political outcomes in accordance with the four mechanisms outlined in my theory of social speech. And because these effects may be positive or negative, depending on both the form and content of social communication, I conclude that there is a real need for political theory to develop understandings of social speech that could inform public policies to encourage democratically advantageous social speech and discourage democratically harmful social speech

ВПЛИВ ДЕВІАНТНИХ ФОРМ РОЗВИТКУ ПІДПРИЄМНИЦЬКОГО СЕРЕДОВИЩА НА ЕКОНОМІЧНУ БЕЗПЕКУ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ УКРАЇНИ

The article reveals the role of permanent monitoring of the exogenous environment for deviant forms of business environment development in order to develop and adjust the mission, strategy, operational measures of anti-inflation and anti-crisis nature to ensure economic security of economic entities. For this purpose, the evolution and essence of corruption are considered, as this fact not only reflects the negative trends in society, but also hinders the full progressive economic and political development of the state. Also, the existence of corruption and the generation of huge corruption losses in the course of corrupt interaction of corrupt officials with entrepreneurs and citizens can lead not only to direct social losses, but also to distort the institutional foundations of society, which negatively affects the economic security of enterprises. The analysis of deviant forms of business environment development is carried out and it is established that corruption is the most significant problem for business development in Ukraine. The consequences of this problem have been identified, which include the shadowing of business, the prevalence of illegal schemes and means of influence, the despair of a large number of entrepreneurs, which threatens the public system with destruction and leveling of the domestic legal system.The article reveals the role of permanent monitoring of the exogenous environment for deviant forms of business environment development in order to develop and adjust the mission, strategy, operational measures of anti-inflation and anti-crisis nature to ensure economic security of economic entities. For this purpose, the evolution and essence of corruption are considered, as this fact not only reflects the negative trends in society, but also hinders the full progressive economic and political development of the state. Also, the existence of corruption and the generation of huge corruption losses in the course of corrupt interaction of corrupt officials with entrepreneurs and citizens can lead not only to direct social losses, but also to distort the institutional foundations of society, which negatively affects the economic security of enterprises. The analysis of deviant forms of business environment development is carried out and it is established that corruption is the most significant problem for business development in Ukraine. The consequences of this problem have been identified, which include the shadowing of business, the prevalence of illegal schemes and means of influence, the despair of a large number of entrepreneurs, which threatens the public system with destruction and leveling of the domestic legal system

Possibility of Using Flow Cytometry in the Treated Ballast Water Quality Detection

In this article, monitoring of ballast water after its treatment by any of BWTS (Ballast Water Treatment System) on board ships has been analyzed. The efficiency of those systems has shown to be the major problem as there are no systems for tracking ship ballast operations. The overall aim of the study was to emphasize the necessity of monitoring the ballast water treatment on board ships and to propose a solution. The flow cytometry technology and applications of flow cytometers have been analyzed as well. The functionality and possibility of using this technology for detection of the treated ballast water quality has been explained. The results of the flow cytometry detection have been confirmed mathematically. The possibility of finding the remaining microorganisms in the treated ballast water has been calculated and the result was a very high percentage of 82%. The study presented in this paper aids in the understanding of how important it is for results of the ballast water treatment systems operation to be monitored since such monitoring is also in the interest of protecting the environment