Agroforestry systems on Careiro Island

Agroforestry systems on the island of Careiro originate from rubber and cocoa plantations developed at the beginning of this century. Four main types of systems were defined according to their present-day composition, and show an evolution from the former plantations towards polyspecific orchards or pastures with scattered trees. Distribution of perennial crops depends upon topography and the associated risks of flooding. The total area cultivated is closely linked to the dynamics of levées in the várzea. These agroforestry systems require little maintenance and provide a living environment for the inhabitants as well as a panoply of subsistence and market products. Because of physical and socio-economic constraints in the várzea, these systems are becoming increasingly monospecific or being converted into pasture

On free loop spaces of toric spaces

Growth of the Hilbert-Poincar\"e series for the rational homology of the free loop space of a toric space is addressed. In case the toric space is a manifold, the structure of the fan dictates whether the Hilbert-Poincar\"e series has exponential growth. Applications are made to the existence of infinitely many geometrically distinct periodic geodesics

Pengaruh Adsorben Bentonit terhadap Kualitas Pemucatan Minyak Inti Sawit

Research on the effect of bentonite as adsorbent in the bleaching process of palm kernel oil was conducted. The study was designed using complete randomized design with 2 factors; the first factor was the percentage of bentonite as weight of volume: 1%, 2% and 3%, and the second factor was the volume of palm kernel oil: 100 ml, 200 ml and 300 ml. Firstly, experiment started by producing kernel oil by pressing the raw material at 10 g/cm2 and continued with the process of immersion with adsorbent at a temperature of 105°C for 1 hour. Oil products was tested according to the procedures of Coconut Palm Oil qualities include color, odor, taste, moisture content, free fatty acid levels in based on SNI 01-2901-2006 test standards, while pelicans oil parameter was tested by alcohol-KOH saponification process. The results showed that the percentage of the bentonite significantly effect on oil quality for color only, while the other parameters were not affected by the presence of the bentonite as an adsorbent. The processing optimum condition was 2% bentonite soaked 200 ml oil volume, which resulted yellow color as close as required in accordance with SNI