Extension of Maxwell's Equations for Determination of Relativistic Electric and Magnetic Field

This paper presents the transformation of four Maxwell’s equation into relativistic electromagnetism via the partial differential equation of electric and magnetic field with respect to spatial and temporal coordinates. The relativistic form of magnetic field is developed based on Gauss’s law for magnetism and Ampere’s law while the relativistic form of electric field is developed based on Gauss’s law for electricity and Faraday’s law, where and are rest magnetic and electric field. We can easily explain theoretically about the various properties of electromagnetic waves (EM waves) with help of this relativistic formula such as; 1) Why EM waves are not deflected by electric and magnetic field as they have both oscillating electric and magnetic field? ;2) why can’t light travel faster than the speed of light? In this highly interesting topic, the particular purpose is not to enter into the merits of existing theory of relativistic electromagnetism, but rather to present a succinct and carefully reasoned account of new aspect of Maxwell’s equation which properly describe the relativistic nature of magnetic and electric Field.Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP) © Copyright: All rights reserved

Transformation of Special Relativity into Differential Equation by Means of Power Series Method

Partial differential equations such as those involving Bessel differential function, Hermite’s polynomial, and Legendre polynomial are widely used during the separation of the wave equation in cylindrical and spherical coordinates. Such functions are quite applicable to solve the wide variety of physical problems in mathematical physics and quantum mechanics, but until now, there has been no differential equation capable for handling the problems involved in the realm of special relativity. In order to avert such trouble in physics, this article presents a new kind of differential equation of the form: , where c is the speed of light in a vacuum. In this work, the solution of this equation has been developed via the power series method, which generates a formula that is completely compatible with relativistic phenomena happening in nature. In this highly exciting topic, the particular purpose of this paper is to define entirely a new differential equation to handle physical problems happening in the realm of special relativity.Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP) © Copyright: All rights reserved

Released of rescued Himalayan Vulture (Gyps himalayensis) in Chitwan National Park

No Abstrac

A Study on the Influence of Degree of Saturation and Dry Unit Weight on the Shear Strength of Unsaturated Peoria Loess at Fulton, Tennessee

Loess is a windblown deposit comprised primarily of silt particles that has a metastable structure characterized by randomly open and loose particle packing with high porosity. It has an ability to stand in a near-vertical slope in its unsaturated state but collpases with an increase in the degree of saturation apparently due to the loss of the effective cohesion and matric suction. The higher degree of saturation decreases the shear strength of the soil, which makes structures on loess vulnerable to collapse or excessive settlement and instability. The overall objective of this research was to find the effect of degree of saturation and dry unit weight on the shear strength of loess. To accomplish the overall objective of this research, disturbed soil samples were collected from the field and direct shear tests were performed in the laboratory for specimens with various saturation levels. The drained shear strength parameters, cohesion (c\u27) and internal friction angle (φ\u27), were determined. Soil water characteristic curves (SWCCs) were prepared to determine the matric suction at different degrees of saturation. For determining the unsaturated shear strength, the friction angle indicating the increase in shear strength due to change in matric suction (φb) was estimated using three models, which was evaluated using three models, which were evaluated for loess. Using both test results, the shear strength of unsaturated loess was determined. It was found that the shear strength of loess decreases with an increase in saturation levels mainly due to a decrease in apparent cohesion resulting from the reduction in matric suction

Transition Metal Complexes with Reactive Trimethylsilylchalcogenolate Ligands: Precursors for the Preparation of Ternary Nanoclusters

The Co2+ and Mn2+ complexes (N,N´-tmeda)Co(ESiMe3)2 (E = S, 1a; E = Se, 1b), (3,5-Me2C5H3N)2Co(ESiMe3)2 (E = S, 2a; E = Se, 2b), [Li(N,N´-tmeda)]2[(N,N´-tmeda)Mn5(μ-ESiMe3)2(ESiMe3)4(μ4-E)(μ3-E)2] (E = S, 3a; E = Se, 3b), [Li(N,N´-tmeda)]2[Mn(SSiMe3)4] (4), [Li(N,N´-tmeda)]4[Mn4(SeSiMe3)4(μ3-Se)4] (5), and [Li(N,N´-tmeda)]4[Mn(Se4)3] (6) have been isolated from reactions of Li[ESiMe3] and the chloride salts of these metals. The treatment of (N,N´-tmeda)CoCl2 with two equivalents of Li[ESiMe3] (E = S, Se) yields 1a and 1b, respectively, whereas similar reactions with MnCl2 yield the polynuclear complexes 3a (E = S) and 3b (E = Se). The selective preparation of the mononuclear complex 4 is achieved by increasing the reaction ratios of Li[SSiMe3] to MnCl2 to 4:1. Single crystal X-ray analysis of complexes 1−5, confirms the presence of potentially reactive trimethylsilylchalcogenolate moieties and distorted tetrahedral geometry around the metal centers in each of these complexes. These compounds could potentially be utilized as a convenient source of paramagnetic ions into a semiconductor matrix for the synthesis of ternary clusters. The ternary clusters (N,N´-tmeda)6Zn14-xMnxS13Cl2 (7a-d) and (N,N´-tmeda)6Zn14-xMnxSe13Cl2 (8a-d) and the binary clusters (N,N´-tmeda)6Zn14E13Cl2 (E= S, 9a; Se, 9b) have been synthesized by reacting (N,N´-tmeda)Zn(ESiMe3)2 with Mn2+ and Zn2+ salts. Single crystal X-ray analysis of the complexes confirms the presence of the six ‘(N,N´-tmeda)ZnE2’ units as capping ligands that stabilize the clusters, and distorted tetrahedral geometry around the metal centers. Mn2+ is incorporated into the ZnE matrix by substitution of Zn2+ ions in the cluster core. Complexes 7a, 8a and 8d represent the first examples of ‘Mn/ZnE’ clusters with structural characterization and indications of the local chemical environment of the Mn2+ ions. DFT calculations indicate that replacement of Zn with Mn is perfectly feasible and at least partly allows for the identification of some sites preferred by the Mn2+ metals. These calculations, combined with luminescence studies suggest a distribution of the Mn2+ in the clusters. The room temperature emission spectra of clusters 7c-d display a significant red shift relative to the all zinc cluster 9a, with a peak maximum centered at 730 nm. Clusters 8c-d have a peak maximum at 640 nm in their emission spectra. The chalcogenolate complexes 3a and 4 have been utilized as molecular precursors for the isolation of ternary nanoclusters, with approximate formulae [Mn35/36Ag118/116S94(PnPr3)30], 10 and [Mn19/20Ag150/148S94(PnPr3)30], 11 respectively. Mn2+ is incorporated into the Ag2S matrix by substitution of two Ag+ ions in the cluster core

An accurate theoretical formula for linear momentum, force and kinetic energy

The paper demonstrates that the existing mathematical formulas of linear momentum, force and kinetic energy in physics are incomplete, since such formulas have been formulated without incorporation of mass-energy equivalence relation E = mc2. Therefore, new reformulations of the main equations of linear momentum, force and kinetic energy in the realm of special relativity are proposed. The proposed formulas provide same mathematical outcomes as the old formulas, displaying same behavior of the system when velocity approaches to speed of light, but, most importantly, comprise only velocity of the light and mass of object to provide well-defined expressions. [Formulae available with the full text]. These formulas vividly reveal that every physical variable depends solely on relativistic mass. Therefore, it modifies Newton’s second law of motion and states that the force depends on rate of change of relativistic mass of object rather than its velocity. In this highly interesting topic, primary purpose here has been to present a succinct and the carefully reasoned account of a new aspect of the Newton’s second law of motion which properly allows to derive the new mathematical formulas of linear momentum, force and kinetic energy

INVESTIGATION OF THE THERMAL COMFORT AND PRODUCTIVITY IN JAPANESE MIXED-MODE OFFICE BUILDINGS

This study investigates the overall comfort and productivity of Japanese office workers in mixed-mode office buildings. The indoor thermal environment is adjusted using the air-conditioning in Japanese office buildings to maintain thermal comfort and productivity. Thus, it is necessary to research thermal comfort and productivity to understand how occupants prepare themselves to be at a comfortable temperature and perform their daily tasks under mixed-mode (MM) and free-running (FR) modes. Environmental parameters such as air temperature, relative humidity, and so on were measured in 17 Japanese office buildings with the help of digital instruments, and thermal comfort transverse surveys were conducted for two years in Tokyo, Yokohama, and Odawara of Japan. The data were collected every once a month for a day visiting each building with the measurement instruments, together with the questionnaires. Almost 3000 votes were collected. This paper evaluates the overall comfort discussions followed by how the occupant could achieve their productivity. The occupants were found to be thermally comfortable and productive in the office. The most suitable comfortable temperature range for MM mode was found to be 22–26 °C and 23–25 °C for FR mode. The workers' productivity range is defined by the globe temperature range of 21–27 °C for MM and 20–27 °C for FR mode. The findings should be useful to suggest that whenever new office buildings are designed, these factors always need to be taken into consideration

A review on comparative effect of chemicals and botanicals in management of brown spot diseases of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Brown spot of rice is a fungal disease caused by either Bipolaris oryzae, Helminthosporium oryzae or Drechslera oryzae species, which is found to be a major problem eventually causing sustainable losses both in quality and quantity. The pathogen after infection shows the symptoms on the leaves, panicles, glumes, and grain causing first as small, circular, and dark brown to purple-brown spots and fully developed lesions are circular to oval with a light brown to gray center, surrounded by a reddish-brown margin and ultimately killing the leaf. We have collected our information from secondary sources. In this review article, we have discussed the effects of bio-agents and chemicals and their comparative efficacy. Fungicides like: propiconazole, Carbendazim, Mancozeb, Hexaconazole, Cabendazim, Bion, Amistar, Tilt etc. are discussed which showed diverse performance on the diseases brown spot of rice. Extracts from the plant parts like roots, stem, leaves etc. are comparatively analyzed and studied that effected on mycelial growth and spore germination of Bipolaris pathogen. The plant components with phenolic structures like carvacrol, eugenol, and thymol are found to be highly active against the pathogen. The extracts of plants like Azadirachta indica, Nerium oleander, Curcuma longa, S. indicum, Cymbopogon citratus etc. are found suitable against brown spot in rice. Chemical fungicides were found to have more inhibition rate against the pathogen, even up to 100%. Although being eco-friendly, plant extracts were recorded to be less effective in comparison to chemical fungicides for suppressing plant pathogen. This article promotes the use of plant extracts for human health and environmental benefits over the use of chemicals for the control of plant diseases