Isolation of 2-ethyl-3-methylmaleimide N-β-D-glucopyranoside from Riesling wine

A glycosidic isolate of Riesling urine was separated with multilayer coil countercurrent chromatography (MLCCC). After acetylation and subsequent purification by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the N-beta-D-glucopyranoside of 2-ethyl-3-methylmaleimide (3-ethyl-4-methyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione) 2 was identified for the first time as natural wine constituent. The identification was carried out by mass spectrometry (EI-MS, DCI-MS) as well as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-1 NMR, 13C NMR, COSY, HMBC)

Metabolic characterization of Palatinate German white wines according to sensory attributes, varieties, and vintages using NMR spectroscopy and multivariate data analyses

1H NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) has been used for metabolomic analysis of ‘Riesling’ and ‘Mueller-Thurgau’ white wines from the German Palatinate region. Diverse two-dimensional NMR techniques have been applied for the identification of metabolites, including phenolics. It is shown that sensory analysis correlates with NMR-based metabolic profiles of wine. 1H NMR data in combination with multivariate data analysis methods, like principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares projections to latent structures (PLS), and bidirectional orthogonal projections to latent structures (O2PLS) analysis, were employed in an attempt to identify the metabolites responsible for the taste of wine, using a non-targeted approach. The high quality wines were characterized by elevated levels of compounds like proline, 2,3-butanediol, malate, quercetin, and catechin. Characterization of wine based on type and vintage was also done using orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS) analysis. ‘Riesling’ wines were characterized by higher levels of catechin, caftarate, valine, proline, malate, and citrate whereas compounds like quercetin, resveratrol, gallate, leucine, threonine, succinate, and lactate, were found discriminating for ‘Mueller-Thurgau’. The wines from 2006 vintage were dominated by leucine, phenylalanine, citrate, malate, and phenolics, while valine, proline, alanine, and succinate were predominantly present in the 2007 vintage. Based on these results, it can be postulated the NMR-based metabolomics offers an easy and comprehensive analysis of wine and in combination with multivariate data analyses can be used to investigate the source of the wines and to predict certain sensory aspects of wine

Metabolic constituents of grapevine and grape-derived products

The numerous uses of the grapevine fruit, especially for wine and beverages, have made it one of the most important plants worldwide. The phytochemistry of grapevine is rich in a wide range of compounds. Many of them are renowned for their numerous medicinal uses. The production of grapevine metabolites is highly conditioned by many factors like environment or pathogen attack. Some grapevine phytoalexins have gained a great deal of attention due to their antimicrobial activities, being also involved in the induction of resistance in grapevine against those pathogens. Meanwhile grapevine biotechnology is still evolving, thanks to the technological advance of modern science, and biotechnologists are making huge efforts to produce grapevine cultivars of desired characteristics. In this paper, important metabolites from grapevine and grape derived products like wine will be reviewed with their health promoting effects and their role against certain stress factors in grapevine physiology

Berry phenolics of grapevine under challenging environments

Plant phenolics have been for many years a theme of major scientific and applied interest. Grape berry phenolics contribute to organoleptic properties, color and protection against environmental challenges. Climate change has already caused significant warming in most grape-growing areas of the world, and the climatic conditions determine, to a large degree, the grape varieties that can be cultivated as well as wine quality. In particular, heat, drought and light/UV intensity severely affect phenolic metabolism and, thus, grape composition and development. In the variety Chardonnay, water stress increases the content of flavonols and decreases the expression of genes involved in biosynthesis of stilbene precursors. Also, polyphenolic profile is greatly dependent on genotype and environmental interactions. This review deals with the diversity and biosynthesis of phenolic compounds in the grape berry, from a general overview to a more detailed level, where the influence of environmental challenges on key phenolic metabolism pathways is approached. The full understanding of how and when specific phenolic compounds accumulate in the berry, and how the varietal grape berry metabolism responds to the environment is of utmost importance to adjust agricultural practices and thus, modify wine profile.This work was supported by European Union Funds (FEDER/COMPETE-Operational Competitiveness Programme) and by national funds (FCT-Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology) under the project FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-022692 and the research project PTDC/AGR-ALI/100636/2008. This work was also supported by the European project INNOVINE (ref. 311775), and from the networking activities within the European funded COST ACTION FA1106 “QualityFruit” and COST Action FA1003 “East-West Collaboration for Grapevine Diversity Exploration and Mobilization of Adaptive Traits for Breeding”.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Wort – Satz – Text. Die hierarchische Struktur der Grammatik

Das vorliegende Skript ist eine überarbeitete Zusammenfassung des Vorlesungstripels von Prof. Dr. Albrecht Greule, welches er zuletzt im WS11/12 (Wort); SS12 (Satz) und WS12/13 (Text) gehalten hat. Die Lektüre der folgenden Seiten wird dem Rezipienten einen ersten Grundstock für ein umfassenden Verständnis von Grammatik und die gegenseitige Bedingtheit der sprachlichen Zeichen Wort, Satz und Text vermitteln. Zur besseren Einfindung in das Thema ist den Zusammenfassungen der Vorlesungen eine kleine Einführung in die Grammatik (per se) vorangestellt

Collaboratively Learning Marketing: How Organizations Jointly Develop and Appropriate Marketing Knowledge

Business organizations increasingly face the problem of how to generate and share knowledge in collaboration with other, separate, business organizations. Researchers in the field of inter-organizational learning have started to study the partner-characteristic, partner-dynamic, and partner-situational factors that influence the process and outcome of such strategic learning collaboration. However, the special knowledge content of this learning has so far not been in focus. Thus, this thesis stresses the importance of the content for the collaborative learning effort. Deregulation is chosen as a comparatively strong example of a trigger for learning needs by organizations. Marketing knowledge is suggested to be the knowledge content that becomes the most needed in the context of deregulation. Both examples mutually highlight the learning need, which can be expected to be greater than what many individual organizations in deregulating industries are able to learn alone. This is the empirical context in which the thesis pursues the problem of how organizations collaboratively learn through co-producing marketing knowledge and distributing this jointly created knowledge among the collaborating partners. In order to better understand the joint development and distribution of marketing knowledge, the thesis develops and empirically confronts a framework for collaboratively learning marketing. The conceptual framework integrates parts of organizational learning, strategic collaboration, and marketing. The empirical confrontation of the framework is based on five collaborative marketing learning projects in the electrical energy industry. Field data is collected mainly through participant observations and interviews, taking an interpretively informed systems approach. The study shows that partner-specific explanations of problems in collaborative learning enable only a partial understanding of the dynamics in collaborative marketing learning. The consideration of the factors introduced by the content of the collaborative learning effort reveals that consideration of the content contributes to the understanding of the collaborative learning dynamics. In addition to specific marketing content, two more relevant factors – internal organizational stability, and business environment changes – emerged empirically. As a result, the framework reflects more of the complexity of collaborative learning efforts. Contrary to popular beliefs of simplicity facilitating implementation, the thesis concludes that simple approaches to collaboratively learning marketing rather tend to hinder the co-production and distribution of marketing knowledge by overly limited considerations of these complex processes

Die Tempel von Aššur und ihr Personal. Untersuchungen zu beruflichen und institutionellen Netzwerken in der altorientalischen Kultmetropole Aššur in neuassyrischer Zeit

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Frage nach der Einbettung der Tempel in das Sozialgefüge der Stadt. Im Zentrum der Untersuchung steht dabei das Personal dieser Tempel: die Priester und Kultfunktionäre, die den reibungslosen Ablauf des täglichen Kults sicherstellten, ebenso wie Handwerker oder Köche, deren Tätigkeiten im Zusammenhang mit dem Kultbetrieb standen. Die über 1.000 Alltagsdokumente aus den Archiven der Stadt Aššur erlauben, familiäre, berufliche und ökonomische Verbindungen zwischen Individuen zu rekonstruieren. Damit ermöglichen sie einen für die neuassyrische Zeit einmalig detaillierten Einblick in die Lebenswelten dieser Menschen

The collective bargaining process : readings and analysis

xix, 530 p.; 23 cm