Pollution Studies on Ground Water Contamination: Water Quality of Abeokuta, Ogun State, South West Nigeria

Changes in water levels in wells reflect changes in recharge to, and discharge from an aquifer. Generally groundwater is rain water or water from surface water bodies, like rivers, lakes or streams that permeate into the soil and bedrock and is stored underground in the pores spaces between soil particles. Groundwater pollution occurs when hazardous substances come into contact and dissolve in the water in the soil or on the surface. Groundwater is generally less susceptible to contamination and pollution when compared to surface water, naturally impurities in rainwater or surface water which replenishes groundwater systems, get removed while infiltrating through soil strata. In Nigeria, groundwater is used intensively for irrigation and domestic purposes, a variety of land and water-based human activities are causing pollution of this precious resource. Its over-exploitation is causing aquifer contamination in certain instances, while in certain others its unscientific development with insufficient knowledge of groundwater flow dynamic and geo-hydro-chemical processes has led to its mineralization. Adequate supply of safe and portable fresh water is an inevitable factor for socio economic development.  Although the recent global attention focuses on how the current and foreseeable water crisis and associated consequences would be addressed, quite a lot of factors such as  low level of education, insufficient budgetary funding, inefficient government policies,  drought are increasingly contributing to the pollution of domestic water in Nigeria. Keywords: Nigeria, Groundwater, Pollution, soil strata, Qualit

The Growth Effect Of External Sector In Nigeria: Nexus Of The Non-Oil Exports

This study investigates the growth effects of external sector in Nigeria taking into consideration the role played by non-oil export commodities within the periods, 1980-2016. The Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) was employed to analyse the dynamic long-run and short-run estimates. The stationarity level of the variables at first difference and cointegration are confirmed prior VECM estimation. The results show that the parameter of non-oil export was positive and significant at 10% in the long-run indicating that the contribution of non-oil export commodity on output growth is weak. However, the parameter was positive and significant in the short-run at the conventional level. This implies that government policy should be directed towards increasing non-oil export commodities of agriculture, manufacturing and service industries with the aim of boosting output growth in Nigeria. The environment should be made favourable for local producers and investors to ease production and the distribution channels of goods and services to final consumers. The findings also showed that output growth was directly influenced by investment, labour force and government expenditure while negatively affected by exchange rate

Characterisation of activated charcoal, sawdust charcoal and rice husk charcoal as adsorbents in water treatment

This study is an investigation into the characterization of commercial activated charcoal, sawdust charcoal and rice husk charcoal as adsorbents for water treatment. The ground rice husk and waste sawdust collected, were sieved to obtain a nominal size of 1mm, washed and oven-dried for 12hours. The two materials were pyrolysized in a furnace for 30minutes, and the chars produced were later air-dried. The three charcoals (sawdust charcoal, rice husk charcoal, and the activated charcoal purchased from the market) were all subjected to X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis in order to characterize the filter materials. The SEM analysis showed that the three materials developed more pores, which is a property of an adsorbent. Likewise, the XRF and EDX analyses confirm that all the three adsorbents possess larger proportion of Silica, Carbon and Oxygen

Laboratory scale bioremediation of crude oil impacted soil using animal waste compost

This study investigated various ways by which the rate of biodegradation of hydrocarbons {ex-situ treatment} can be enhanced in an efficient, cost effective and environmentally friendly manner. To achieve this, bioremediation processes were applied to a crude oil impacted soil. Tests were conducted to evaluate the biodegradation effect of the oil on the soil e.g. effect on density, electrical conductivity, etc. The percentage of organic matter and carbon was evaluated in order to determine the organic carbon interaction with the contaminated soil sample. The effect of contamination on the geotechnical properties of the contaminated soil was also evaluated using compaction test. Two types of compost - sheep waste compost and crude oil (SCRO), and goat waste compost and crude oil (GCRO) - with an application rate of {0g, 350g and 550g} were applied in the treatment. The results showed that all bioremediation agents applied enhanced the natural bioremediation of the contaminated soil and the most preferred results were obtained when treatments were done using SCRO compost. This study revealed that the remediation process was influenced by application period, type of oil, and compost rate

Characterisation of activated charcoal, sawdust charcoal and rice husk charcoal as adsorbents in water treatment

This study is an investigation into the characterization of commercial activated charcoal, sawdust charcoal and rice husk charcoal as adsorbents for water treatment. The ground rice husk and waste sawdust collected, were sieved to obtain a nominal size of 1mm, washed and oven-dried for 12hours. The two materials were pyrolysized in a furnace for 30minutes, and the chars produced were later air-dried. The three charcoals (sawdust charcoal, rice husk charcoal, and the activated charcoal purchased from the market) were all subjected to X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis in order to characterize the filter materials. The SEM analysis showed that the three materials developed more pores, which is a property of an adsorbent. Likewise, the XRF and EDX analyses confirm that all the three adsorbents possess larger proportion of Silica, Carbon and Oxygen

Estimation of Water Requirements of Selected Field Crops in South- West and South- East Nigeria

Estimation of crop water requirement of some selected field crops was carried out based on twenty-one years and ten years meteorological data at Abeokuta and Umudike respectively. These crops include as maize, pepper and tomato. Reference evapotranspiration was calculated using BlaneyCriddle model for Abeokuta and Penman Model for Umudike. The result obtained showed that the seasonal crop evapotranspiration (ETcrop) for maize, pepper and tomato were 378.33, 558.51 and 505.92mm/month in Abeokuta and 353.13, 130.97, and 464.82mm/month in Umudike. Effective rainfall (ER) was lower than the water requirement in the months of May and June for maize cultivation in Abeokuta, similarly, effective rainfall was lower that the water requirement in the months of March, April, May and August for pepper in Abeokuta. This indicates that supplemental irrigation was needed during these months. Irrigation water requirement (IR) was 11.73mm for soils of Umudike. The study also established that pepper and maize could be grown conveniently during their growing season without supplemental irrigation in Umudike. However, the sufficient water availability for crops in Umudike during their growing season will produce good yields and good quality crops compared to Abeokuta

Significance of clean water for sustainable good health in Nigeria

The significance of the impact of water-related diseases on human health has been recognized as a major threat to sustainable human development in some international forums. This study is an investigation into the correlation between unclean water and the outbreak of water-related diseases in Nigeria. It was established from the review of previous researches that the concept of clean water and sanitation is critical to the good health and well-being of all individuals. Nigeria still has a long way to go towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goal number 6 (SDG 6) of the United Nations, hence it is high time government at all levels and individuals embraced Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) agenda 2030

Significance of clean water for sustainable good health in Nigeria

The significance of the impact of water-related diseases on human health has been recognized as a major threat to sustainable human development in some international forums. This study is an investigation into the correlation between unclean water and the outbreak of water-related diseases in Nigeria. It was established from the review of previous researches that the concept of clean water and sanitation is critical to the good health and well-being of all individuals. Nigeria still has a long way to go towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goal number 6 (SDG 6) of the United Nations, hence it is high time government at all levels and individuals embraced Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) agenda 2030

Pollution Studies on Ground Water Contamination: Water Quality of Abeokuta, Ogun State, South West Nigeria

Abstract Changes in water levels in wells reflect changes in recharge to, and discharge from an aquifer. Generally groundwater is rain water or water from surface water bodies, like rivers, lakes or streams that permeate into the soil and bedrock and is stored underground in the pores spaces between soil particles. Groundwater pollution occurs when hazardous substances come into contact and dissolve in the water in the soil or on the surface. Groundwater is generally less susceptible to contamination and pollution when compared to surface water, naturally impurities in rainwater or surface water which replenishes groundwater systems, get removed while infiltrating through soil strata. In Nigeria, groundwater is used intensively for irrigation and domestic purposes, a variety of land and water-based human activities are causing pollution of this precious resource. Its over-exploitation is causing aquifer contamination in certain instances, while in certain others its unscientific development with insufficient knowledge of groundwater flow dynamic and geo-hydro-chemical processes has led to its mineralization. Adequate supply of safe and portable fresh water is an inevitable factor for socio economic development. Although the recent global attention focuses on how the current and foreseeable water crisis and associated consequences would be addressed, quite a lot of factors such as low level of education, insufficient budgetary funding, inefficient government policies, drought are increasingly contributing to the pollution of domestic water in Nigeria. Keywords: Nigeria, Groundwater, Pollution, soil strata, Quality 1.0 Introduction Groundwater is widely distributed under the ground and it is replenish able resource unlike other resources of the earth. Groundwater includes all water found beneath the earth's surface. It is part of the earth's natural hydrological cycle. It is the body of water derived primarily from percolation and contained in pore spaces of a permeable rock. Groundwater is an economic resource and more than 85% of the public water for consumption Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online) Vol. 3, No.5, 2013 162 is obtained from groundwater. It is often used for industry, commerce, agriculture and most importantly for drinking. Ayoade The quality of water is of vital importance whether for industrial or domestic purposes. For water to be of consumable quality, it must attain a certain degree of purity. Often, the raw water used for domestic purposes is vulnerable to contamination due to the human influence resulting in pollution. According to Water can also be a source of serious environmental and health problems if the design and development of such water supply system is not coupled and tied with appropriate sanitation measures. According to Houston (1995) reported that the bedrock over much of Africa is of Precambrian formations, which are dominated by relatively impermeable crystalline rocks such as granites, schist, gneiss and quartzite. It was often necessary to drill 60 -80 m deep, with wells often yielding less than 2 m 3 /day A large number of people are dependent on the groundwater resource in the weathered regolith for basic water requirements and abstraction is largely through large diameter wells using a bucket tied to the end of a rope for withdrawing water. The rope-and-bucket arrangement is now being replaced in several households with centrifugal pumps resulting in larger quantities of groundwater withdrawal. Hydrogeology of Abeokuta Ogun State In Abeokuta, as in many areas underlain by the basement complex rocks, the populace depend largely on the surface water, which is supplied by the water corporations from the River Ogun. This source of water supply is 163 not sufficient and therefore does not meet the demand of the populace. This surface water, which is the major source of water consumption in Abeokuta, has a very low output especially during the dry season when the evaporation rate is high (and precipitation is lower than annual average). Normally, most sachet water industries depend on the water from the state water corporations this has increased the problem of water scarcity because the demand for the water becomes greater than the supply especially during dry season. Again, people use hand dug wells, but this poses problem during dry season because the required depth would not be reached due to the terrain and the cost of drilling borehole is very high. For these reasons, groundwater should have been an alternative source of water but there is a great problem about locating high productive aquifers in different parts of Abeokuta. Abeokuta lies within the Basement Complex rocks. These rocks are of Precambrian age to early Palaeozoic age and they extend from the north-eastern part of the Ogun state (which Abeokuta belongs) running southwest ward and dipping towards the coast The individual rock has various hydro-geologic characteristics. Abeokuta belongs to the stable plate which was not subjected to intense tectonics in the past.Therefore, the underground faulting system is minimal and this has contributed to the problem of underground water occurrence in this area. The northern side of Abeokuta like Lafenwa side is characterised by pegmatite underlain by granite and therefore has good hydro-geological history. The southern part (made up of granitic gneiss) enters into the transition zone with the sedimentary basin and is characterised by fairly satisfactory hydro-geological history. The western part is characterised by granitic gneiss which is less porous and various quartzite intrusions (Key, 1992).This area is highly problematic and it is prone to low yield groundwater supply. The terrain of Abeokuta is characterized by two types of landforms; sparsely distributed low hills and knolls of granite, other rocks of the basement complex and nearly flat topography. The rugged rock-strewn relief is prominent towards the north, in the central and south-eastern parts of the city. The city is drained by two major rivers, Ogun and Oyan and many small streams. Some of these streams take their source from local rocky hills while some are distributaries to the two major rivers. Two main climatic conditions exist, the rainy season lasting for between seven and eight months between April and October with an interruption in August, and the dry season; running through November till February. Annual rainfall of about 963mm and the temperature is usually between 26 0 C and 28 0 C. The town has become increasingly cosmopolitan as a result of its elevation in status to state capital in 1976 (Olabisi, Awonusi & Adebayo, 2007). This has continued to place increasing stress on the existing infrastructural facilities in the town. 1.2Water quality monitoring in Nigeria The basis of water quality monitoring is to obtain information which will be useful in management of water resources in the country. It would prove useful in management, control and investigation of pollution cases, Classification of water resources, Collection of baseline data, Water quality surveillance and Forecasting water quality. In Nigeria most of the portable water used for both domestic and industrial purposes is channelled from rivers and groundwater. There is no integrated river/ground water quality monitoring scheme in Nigeria. Vol. 3, No.5, 2013 164 range from 657 to 812 us/cm. These values are below WHO highest desirable level of 900 us/cm, the chloride content in the water samples ranged from 61 -79 mg/l. The result of chloride contents were below the WHO Resul