FAKTOR DETERMINAN KEJADIAN GONDOK DI DAERAH PANTAI JAWA TIMUR

The Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) is one of the serious nutritional issues in Indonesia. The survey of IDD in Province of East Java, found that Total Goiter Rate (TGR) in 2003 was higher than 1998 (24.8% and 16.3%) respectively). Iodine deficiency is the main factor of goiter incidence but, there were other factors which could cause the goiter incidence, such as trace element (selenium and zinc) deficiency and exposure of pollutant such as nitrate. The objective of the research is to analyze an association between the trace element andpollutant with the goiter incidence. This research was the cross sectional design, compare goiter and non-goiter respondents. Twenty pupils developing goiter were taken randomly from the goiter population and twenty pupils not suffering of goiter were also taken randomly from the non-goiter population. The median urinary excretion iodine (UEI) levels were higher in the goiter respondents compared with the non-goiter. This might be caused by administration of relatively new iodine capsule to the goiter respondents compared with the non-goiter. The average blood nitrate levels were higher in the in the goiter compared with the non-endemic respondents (575. 75 ± 108.01pg/l :419.45 ± 120.35 pgf I) and there was statistically significant relationship (p < 0.01). According to logistic regression, it can be drawn that the nitrate is determinant factor of coastal area goiter. The goiter prevention program should not be limited to iodine intake, but also include other relevant factors, especially to food and drink nitrate contamination

Cortisol Levels in Chronic Primary Dysmenorrhoea Patients and Non-Dysmenorrhoea : A Cross- Sectional Study: Kadar Kortisol antara Pasien Dismenorea Primer Kronis: Sebuah Studi Potong Lintang

Objective: To investigate whether chronic primary dysmenorrhoea will significantly increase cortisol levels in the body. This study can provide an overview of the importance of handling primary dysmenorrhoea so that it does not continue to become menstrual disorders.Method: This study used a cross-sectional comparative study method with a total sample of 26 subjects with 13 subjects included in the dysmenorrhea group and 13 other subjects belonging to the non-dysmenorrhea group. The study was conducted at Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Faculty of Medicine Universitas Andalas network primary healthcare and Dr. M. Djamil Padang Central General Hospital. Data were analyzed using computational calculation of SPSS program with bivariate test using X2 test or chi-square test with a significance degree of 0.05.Results: Twenty six subjects (13 each group) have been sampled in this study, the mean age of the dysmenorrhea group was 26.23 ± 3.92 while the mean age of the non-dysmenorrhea group was 28.62 ± 7.10. The age difference between groups was not statistically significant with a value of p = 0.30 (p&gt; 0.05). In the comparison of cortisol levels between the two groups, it was found that the dysmenorrhea group had a higher cortisol level of 72.3077 (7.2 µg / dL) compared to the non-dysmenorrhoea group of 60.3846 (6 µg / dL). Based on the results of the bivariate analysis using the chi-square test, the value of p = 0.148 (P&gt; 0.05) showed that there was no significant difference between the cortisol levels of the group with chronic primary dysmenorrhea compared with the non-dysmenorrhea group.Conclusion: Chronic primary dysmenorrhea can not significantly increase cortisol levels in the body.Keywords: comparative study, chronic primary dysmenorrhea, cortisol levels, non-dysmenorrhea, menstrual disorders Abstrak Tujuan :Mengetahui apakah dismenorea primer kronis akan meningkatkan kadar kortisol dalam tubuh secara signifikan. Penelitian ini dapat memberikan gambaran pentingnya penanganan dismenorea primer agar tidak berlanjut menjadi gangguan menstruasi.Metode :Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian dengan desain potong lintang studi banding dengan jumlah total sampel sebanyak 26 subjek dengan rincian 13 subjek termasuk ke dalam kelompok dismenore dan 13 subjek lainnya termasuk ke dalam kelompok non-dismenore. Penelitian dilakukan di Puskesmas jejaring PPDS Obgyn FK Unand dan RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang. Data dianalisis menggunakan perhitungan komputasi program SPSS dengan uji bivariat menggunakan ujiX2 atau uji chi-square dengan derajat kemaknaan 0,05. Hasil : Dari 26 subjek (masing-masing 13 subjek) yang dijadikan sampel dalam penelitian ini, didapatkan usia rerata kelompok dismenore ialah 26,23 ± 3,92 sedangkan usia rerata kelompok non-dismenore ialah 28,62 ± 7,10. Perbedaan rerata usia antar kelompok ini tidak signifikan secara statistik dengan nilai p = 0,30 (p &gt; 0,05). Pada perbandingan kadar kortisol antar kedua kelompok, didapatkan kelompok dismenore memiliki kadar kortisol yang lebih tinggi yaitu 72,3077 (7.2 µg/dL) dibandingkan dengan kelompok non-dismenorea yaitu 60,3846 (6 µg/dL). Berdasarkan hasil analisis bivariat menggunakan uji chi-square, didapatkan nilai p = 0,148 (P &gt; 0,05) yang menunjukkan tidak adanya perbedaan yang signifikan antara kadar kortisol kelompok dengan dismenore primer kronis dibandingkan dengan kelompok non-dismenore.Kesimpulan : Dismenore primer kronis dapat meningkatkan kadar kortisol dalam tubuh secara signifikan.Kata kunci :&nbsp;&nbsp; dismenore primer, gangguan menstruasi, kadar kortisol, kronis, tidak dismenore, studi perbandinga

The Effects of Community Empowerment on Preventing Dengue Fever in Lampung Province, Indonesia

AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of community empowerment on preventing dengue fever in Lampung Province, Indonesia. METHODS: This study used a quasi-experimental design with two groups of pretest-posttest design. The number of samples in this study was 120 people in the intervention group and 120 people in the control group, who is a housewife living in Gading Rejo and Pringsewu subdistrict, Lampung, Indonesia. The sampling technique used a proportional stratified random sampling technique. Community empowerment interventions have been carried out through socialization and inculturation to gather information about community participation, knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of respondents in the prevention of dengue fever. Then, the next stage is the implementation of interventions with capacity building and planting dengue mosquito repellent plants. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon test using the SPSS version 21.0 software. RESULTS: This study showed that there were differences in the median score of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors between the intervention and control groups (p &lt; 0.05). The results of the analysis based on the entomologist indicators (larvae-free numbers, house index, container index, and Breteau index) found that there were differences in larvae-free numbers, house index, and Breteau index between the intervention and control groups (p &lt; 0.05), while there were no differences in the container index between the intervention and control groups (p &gt; 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study confirmed the effects of community empowerment on preventing dengue fever in Lampung Province, Indonesia

Analisis faktor risiko terjadinya phlebitis di RSUD Puri Husada Tembilahan

Phlebitis is one of the standard indicators of hospital's minimum service with the dimension of patient safety quality. Risk factors for phlebitis include disease, intravenous catheter size, distance insertion place with joints, type of fluid, technique disinfection, dressing techniques and long infusion attached. The research aims to analyse the risk factors of phlebitis. The methods used were observational crossectional analytic conducted in Puri Husada Tembilahan HOSPITAL against 97 patients. The results showed that the factors related to the occurrence of phlebitis is the distance of insertion place with the joints, types of liquids, techniques of disinfection, technique dressings, and prolonged infusion is attached, while the disease factors and the size of the catheter intravenously unrelated to the occurrence of phlebitis. The most dominant factor is related to Phlebitis is disinfection technique (OR = 4.567). The results of this research can be information for nurses in the prevention of phlebitis by conducting disinfection and dressing with sterile technique during the installation of infusion, monitor drip infusion according to therapy, insertion with Distance > 3.5 cm from the joints, and replacing the place of insertion in the patient's attached infusion > 72 hours

The Effect of Glutamine Supplementation to Fecal Calprotectin and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Levels in the Fecal of Rats with Acute-Induced Diarrhea

BACKGROUND: Glutamine is a non-essential amino acid as the main fuel in the gastrointestinal mucosa. By its various gastrointestinal functions, glutamine is thought to increase the protection of the intestinal mucosa against local or systemic injury from diarrhea. AIM: This study aimed to determine the relationship between glutamine supplementation and fecal calprotectin and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the fecal of rats with acute and chronic diarrhea induced by EPEC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The research was conducted in an experimental laboratory with a randomized post-test only control group design. A total of 30 Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar were divided into five groups. The treatment group was induced to have diarrhea using EPEC at a dose of 108 CFU/ml, after each group diagnosed by acute and chronic diarrhea, followed by glutamine supplementation at a dose of 810 mg/200 g for 14 days. The inflammatory cytoknies which is fecal calprotectin and TNF-α, of each group was assessed and the p value was measured by one-way ANOVA and post hoc Bonferroni test to find out the relationship between these variables. RESULT: Supplementation of glutamine for 14 days can reduce fecal calprotectin levels in chronic diarrhea and reduce TNF-α level in rats with acute and chronic diarrhea. CONCLUSION: Glutamine supplementation has an effect on the fecal calprotectin and TNF-α of rats with acute and chronic diarrhea

Analisis Cakupan Antenatal Care K4 Program Kesehatan Ibu dan Anak di Wilayah Kerja Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Padang Pariaman

AbstrakPencapaian target K4 (kunjungan ibu hamil ke tenaga kesehatan yang dilakukan paling sedikit 4 kali selama hamil) akan terlaksana jika adanya motivasi bidan di desa ditambah pembinaan dari bidan koordinator yang secara rutin dilakukan dalam bentuk supervisi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis cakupan antenatal care K4 program kesehatan ibu dan anak di wilayah kerja dinas kesehatan kabupaten Padang Pariaman. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian gabungan antara kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Subjek penelitian untuk penelitian kuantitatif  adalah 49 orang bidan desa, sedangkan informan untuk kualitatif adalah kepala bidang kesehatan keluarga dan Kasie kesehatan ibu dan anak dinas kesehatan kabupaten Padang Pariaman, kepala puskesmas, petugas pemegang program KIA dan bidan pengelola KIA di puskesmas Sungai Limau. Hasil penelitian ini mendapatkan lebih dari separoh (53,1%) bidan desa memiliki motivasi rendah, sedangkan lebih dari separoh (67,3%) bidan koordinator sudah melakukan supervisi  ke bidan desa dan pada umumnya (91,8%) responden memiliki cakupan K4 yang rendah. Tidak terdapat hubungan antara motivasi bidan desa dan supervisi bidan koordinator dengan cakupan antenatal care K4 (p < 0.05). Cakupan antenatal care K4 di Kabupaten Padang Pariaman belum berhasil karena kurangnya peran aktif bidan desa di tengah masyarakat, monitoring dan evaluasi dari dinas kesehatan dan pimpinan puskesmas serta supervisi bidan koordinator belum optimal, serta sumber daya manusia yang belum memaksimalkan perannya dalam melaksanakan tugas ditambah masih kurangnya  kelengkapan sarana dan prasarana. Perlu optimalisasi peran dan fungsi bidan di desa dan optimalisasi kemitraan dengan berbagai pihak dalam komunitas.Kata kunci: cakupan antenatal care K4, motivasi, supervisi AbstractThe achievement of K4 (four time antenatal care) target will be success with support from motivation of village midwives and routine supervision of coordinator midwives. The objective of this study was to analyze K4 antenatal care scope of maternal and child program in Padang Pariaman health department working area. This is a mixed of quantitative and qualitative study. The subject of quantitative study was 49 village midwives and informant of qualitative study was: chief of family health and chief of maternal child health of  Padang Pariaman health department; chief, maternal and child program coordinator, and administrator midwife of Sungai Limau public health care. The results of this study were more than half (53.1%) of village midwives have low levels of motivation, while more than half (67.3%) of coordinator midwives have been doing supervision to village midwives. There was no significant relationship of village midwives motivation and coordinator midwives supervision with K4 antenatal care scope (p < 0.05). Analysis of the result showed K4 antenatal care scope of maternal and child program in Padang Pariaman has not succeded yet caused by lack of active role of village midwives, minimum monitoring and evaluation from health department and public health care of Padang Pariaman and coordinator midwives, lack of optimalized role of human resources and lack of infrastructure. Keywords: complete visits (K4) antenatal care scope, motivation, supervisio

HUBUNGAN STATUS SOSIAL EKONOMI ORANG TUA DENGAN KARIES PADA GIGI SULUNG ANAK UMUR 4 DAN 5 TAHUN

AbstrakKaries merupakan masalah utama di rongga mulut anak. Kerusakan gigi sulung lebih cepat menyebar, meluas dan lebih parah dari pada gigi permanen. Karies lebih banyak ditemukan pada orang dengan status sosial ekonomi rendah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan status sosial ekonomi dengan kejadian karies pada gigi sulung anak usia 4 dan 5 tahun pada murid TK Adzkia II, TK Lillah, dan TK Mutiara Ananda di Kota Padang.Penelitian ini bersifat observasi analitik menggunakan metode cross sectional. Populasi penelitian ini adalah murid TK Adzkia II, TK Lillah, dan TK Mutiara Ananda yang berumur 4-5 tahun atau murid lokal A yang berjumlah sebanyak 59 orang, sampel yang diteliti 57 orang. Metode pengambilan data primer yaitu dengan melakukan wawancara dengan orang tua dan pemeriksaan status karies responden.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan status sosial ekonomi orang tua dari responden 75,4% tidak miskin dan status karies responden 50,9% baik. Dari responden yang tidak miskin, 46,5% memiliki status karies yang buruk, 53,5% memiliki status karies yang baik. Hasil uji statistik diperoleh tidak ada hubungan yang bermakna dari proporsi status karies responden dengan pendapatan orang tua responden.Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa responden dengan status sosial ekonomi tidak miskin dan status karies baik lebih dominan. Disarankan kepada sekolah agar memberikan pengetahuan tentang kesehatan gigi dan mulut secara rutin kepada murid – murid dan bagi orang tua lebih memperhatikan jajanan yang dikonsumsi oleh anaknya.Kata Kunci : karies, status sosial ekonomiAbstractCaries is a major issue in the oral cavity of children. Damage spreading deciduous teeth faster, more widespread and severe than in permanent teeth. Caries are more common in people with low socioeconomic status. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of socioeconomic parents status with the incidence of caries in primary teeth of kindergarten students age 4 and 5 years in Adzkia II, Lillah, and Mutiara Ananda in Padang.ARTIKEL PENELITIAN97This observational study using cross sectional analytic. The study population was kindergarten students aged 4-5 years Adzkia II, Lillah, and Mutiara Ananda or A local student who numbered as many as 59 people, the studied sample of 57 people. Primary data collection method is to conduct interviews with parents and the examination of dental caries status of respondents.Research shows parental socioeconomic status of respondents 75.4% were not poor and caries status of respondents 50.9% good. Of the respondents who are not poor, 46.5% had caries status poor, 53.5% had a good caries status. The results of statistical tests obtained no significant association of the proportion of caries status of respondents with incomes of respondents.From this study it can be concluded that the respondents with the non-poor socio-economic status and caries status either more dominant. Recommended to the schools to provide knowledge about oral health on a regular basis to students - for students and parents pay more attention to snacks consumed by children.Key word : caries, socioeconomic status

Hubungan Batu Saluran Kemih Bagian Atas dengan Karsinoma Sel Ginjal dan Karsinoma Sel Transisional Pelvis Renalis

Insiden karsinoma sel ginjal dan karsinoma sel transisional pelvis renalis sebagai jenis histopatologis terbanyak pada keganasan ginjal menunjukkan trend peningkatan insiden di seluruh dunia. Batu saluran kemih menunjukkan trend peningkatan insiden yang serupa. Hal ini memungkinkan adanya hubungan. Penelitian sebelumnya mendapatkan hasil yang kontroversial. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah melihat hubungan antara batu saluran kemih bagian atas dengan karsinoma sel ginjal dan karsinoma sel transisional pelvis renalis di RSUP Dr. M Djamil padang dan RSAM Bukittinggi. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain case control study pada rekam medis yang dilakukan pada bulan September hingga Desember 2018. Didapatkan 34 sampel dengan hasil histopatologi karsinoma sel ginjal dengan rasio jenis kelamin 1:1,3. Sampel terbanyak adalah kelompok umur 50-59 tahun (26,47%), mean: 52,8±13,79. Didapatkan 15 sampel karsinoma sel transisional pelvis renalis dengan rasio jenis kelamin 2,75:1. Sampel terbanyak adalah kelompok umur 50-59 tahun (33,33%), mean: 57,5±11,31. Persentase yang ada batu lebih tinggi pada karsinoma sel ginjal dibandingkan dengan yang tidak karsinoma sel ginjal yaitu 62,5% : 23,1%. Secara statistik perbedaan tersebut tidak bermakna (P>0,05). Peluang untuk timbulnya karsinoma sel ginjal sebesar 5,6 kali pada yang ada batu dibandingkan dengan yang tidak ada. Persentase yang ada batu lebih tinggi pada karsinoma sel transisional pelvis renalis dibandingkan dengan yang tidak karsinoma sel transisional pelvis renalis yaitu 71,4% : 25%. Secara statistik perbedaan tersebut tidak bermakna (P>0,05). Peluang unuk timbulnya karsinoma sel transisional pelvis renalis sebesar 7,5 kali pada yang ada batu dibandingkan dengan yang tidak ada

Analisis Pelaksanaan Family Development Session Bidang Sanitasi Program Keluarga Harapan di Kecamatan Lengayang

Kondisi sanitasi di Pesisir Selatan untuk persentase penduduk dengan akses sanitasi yang layak sebesar 79% dari jumlah penduduk, ini masih dibawah target SPM Nasional yaitu 85%. Salah satu upaya untuk mengatasi permasalahan sanitasi adalah dengan Family Development Session (FDS). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis pelaksanaan FDS bidang sanitasi di Wilayah Kecamatan Lengayang tahun 2018 dengan melihat aspek input (kebijakan, tenaga, biaya, sarana prasarana), proses (perencanaan, pelaksanaan, monitoring dan evaluasi) dan output dari pelaksanaan FDS. Metode penelitian yang dipakai adalah pendekatan kualitatif, pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara mendalam, FGD, observasi dan telaah dokumen. Waktu penelitian bulan April sampai Desember 2018 di Wilayah Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan. Informan dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 7 orang dan peserta FGD berjumlah 8 orang untuk setiap nagari. Validasi data dilakukan dengan triangulasi sumber dan metode. Hasil penelitian didapatkan jika kebijakan FDS khusus wilayah Pesisir Selatan sanitasi belum ada, anggaran, sarana dan prasarana tidak mencukupi, tenaga pendamping direkrut dan dilatih langsung oleh Kementrian Sosial, monitoring dan evaluasi FDS sanitasi belum dilakukan secara maksimal baik dari Kabupaten ataupun dari Provinsi. Pada pelaksanaan tenaga pendamping belum sesuai pedoman yang ditetapkan oleh Kementrian Sosial, FDS belum melibatkan lintas sektor seperti puskesmas dan pemerintah nagari. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian disimpulkan jika pelaksanaan FDS sanitasi di Kecamatan Lengayang Pesisir Selatan belum berjalan optimal. Untuk itu perlu peningkatan komitmen dari pendamping untuk benar-benar melaksanakan FDS sesuai petunjuk, dan melakukan advokasi ke pemerintah kabupaten agar bisa mengeluarkan kebijakan khusus FDS Sanitasi

PERBEDAAN DAYA HAMBAT PASTA GIGI BERBAHAN HERBAL TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS

AbstrakKaries gigi dan penyakit periodontal dapat dicegah dengan mengontrol pembentukan plak secara teratur. Penggunaan pasta gigi herbal dapat memberikan efek kimia untuk mengontrol pembentukan plak. Studi terdahulu mendapatkan bahwa pasta gigi herbal dapat mengurangi jumlah bakteri utama pada rongga mulut yaitu Streptococcus mutans. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti perbedaan daya hambat beberapa pasta gigi herbal (mengandung siwak, cengkeh, dan daun sirih) terhadap pertumbuhan Streptococcus mutans. Metode penelitian adalah eksperimental dengan meletakkan cakram yang sudah direndam dengan pasta gigi ke medium agar darah yang mengandung koloni Streptococcus mutans. Uji daya hambat bakteri dilakukan dengan metode difusi. Terbentuknya zona bening di sekitar koloni bakteri menunjukkan adanya penghambatan pertumbuhan bakteri uji. Hasil uji satu arah ANOVA menunjukkan adanya perbedaan daya hambat yang bermakna antar pasta gigi herbal yang digunakan (p<0.05). Ketiga pasta gigi didapakan memiliki kemampuan antibakteri kuat dengan rata-rata zona hambat 16.075 mm, 13.375 mm dan 11.080 mm. Jadi dapat disimpulkan bahwa pasta gigi herbal mempunyai efek anti bakteri terhadap pertumbuhan Streptococcus mutans dengan efek anti bakteri terkuat di tunjukkan oleh pasta gigi mengandung cengkeh.AbstractDental caries and periodontal disease can be eliminated by regularly control plaque formation. The usage of herbal toothpaste is able to give chemical effect toward plaque control. Previous studies shown that the usage of herbal toothpaste was able to reduce the growth of Streptococcus mutans, the main bacteria in the mouth. The study aimed at investigating the difference of zone of inhibition of several herbal toothpastes (siwak- , cloves- , and betel leaves- contained) toward the growth of Streptococcus mutans.This study was experimental research using disc that had been immersed and subsequently put it onto Blood agar medium that contain Streptococcus mutans. Inhibition test of the growth of bacteria was done by using diffusion method and was said as positif result when clear zone surrounding the colony of Streptococcus mutans was identified. One way ANOVA test result showed there was a significant difference of inhibition effect among those three herbal toothpaste (p<0.05). The average diameter of zone of inhibition of clove- , siwak- , and betel leaves-containing toothpaste were 16.075 mm, 13.375 mm and 11.080 mm respectively. Hence, it can be concluded that herbal toothpaste has shown anti-bacterial effect toward the growth of Streptococcus mutans in which the strongest anti-bacterial effect were shown by clove-containing toothpaste