EFFECT OF ETHANOLIC FLOWER EXTRACT OF SPATHODEA CAMPANULATA ON STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED DIABETIC NEUROPATHY

Objective: To evaluate the effect of ethanolic extract of the flower of Spathodea camapanulata (EFESC) on streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy.Methods: Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) was induced in overnight fasted adult wistar strain albino male rats weighing 160-200g by a single intraperitoneal injection (i. p) of streptozotocin (STZ-65 mg/kg). The rats were randomized into six groups, with six animals each, namely normal control (NC) (Treated with 1% carboxymethyl cellulose solution), diabetic control (DC) (65 mg/kg., i. p. STZ), test group treated at various doses of EFESC250, EFESC500, and EFESC750, standard control-glibenclamide0.25 mg/kg b.w.(SCG) and the treatment has begun from the day of blood sugar level (BSL) detection after the STZ treatment. Body weight was checked daily and serum glucose levels were measured at 48 h, 15th and 28th d of study. Reaction time to thermal hyperalgesia and cold allodynia were measured after induction of diabetes. In vitro, aldose reductase inhibition assay was carried out.Results: The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the steroids, terpenoids, coumarins, carbohydrates, tannins, glycosides, and flavonoids in EFESC. DC group showed decreased in reaction time (hyperalgesia) compared to NC while a significant increase in reaction time was observed at various doses EFESC250, EFESC500, EFESC750 and SCG0.25. EFESC at various doses showed the significant reduction in BSL and body weight on 15th and 28th d in STZ diabetic rat at various dose levels. In vitro, aldose reductase inhibition was observed with an IC50 at 131 μg/ml.Conclusion: EFESC showed reduced in BSL and prevents hyperalgesia in experimental diabetic neuropathy. It also reduced aldose-reductase level that may play an important role in reducing the complication of diabetic neuropathy

An Efficient Query Optimizer with Materialized Intermediate Views in Distributed and Cloud Environment

In cloud computing environment hardware resources required for the execution of query using distributed relational database system are scaled up or scaled down according to the query workload performance. Complex queries require large scale of resources in order to complete their execution efficiently. The large scale of resource requirements can be reduced by minimizing query execution time that maximizes resource utilization and decreases payment overhead of customers. Complex queries or batch queries contain some common subexpressions. If these common subexpressions evaluated once and their results are cached, they can be used for execution of further queries. In this research, we have come up with an algorithm for query optimization, which aims at storing intermediate results of the queries and use these by-products for execution of future queries. Extensive experiments have been carried out with the help of simulation model to test the algorithm efficiency

CO-CRYSTALS OF ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENT-IBUPROFEN LYSINE

Objective: Co-crystal is defined as a crystalline complex of two or more neutral molecules bound together primarily by hydrogen bonding or other non-covalent interactions. The pharmaceutical co-crystal involves crystal lattice arrangement between an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) with another pharmaceutically acceptable molecule. Co-crystals of API are preferred since they depict improved solubility, dissolution, stability, compressibility in comparison with API. Ibuprofen lysine (IL), frequently used analgesic and the anti-inflammatory drug has poor aqueous solubility and compressibility. This work shows the feasibility and optimal conditions for the preparation of co-crystals of ibuprofen lysine using Polyvivylpyrrolidone K25 (PK 25) and Polyvivylpyrrolidone K30 (PK 30) as co-formers. Methods: In this study, we prepared and studied the solubility, drug content, flow properties, physical stability of novel co-crystal, consisting of IL and PK 25/PK 30. The co-crystal IL: PK 30 (at a molar ratio of 0.29:0.5) and IL: PK 25 (at a molar ratio of 0.58:1) were characterized by X-ray analysis, infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis. Furthermore, the tablet formulations of the co-crystals were subjected to in vitro dissolution and in vivo analgesic activity, with the goal of comparing the co-crystals with IL and the marketed tablet of ibuprofen (Brufen®) respectively. Results: The IL: PK co-crystals demonstrated superior solubility and the dissolution properties over IL. The compression properties of the co-crystals were similar to IL. The co-crystals exhibited higher analgesic activity than the marketed tablet.  Conclusion: The results indicated the use of PK 25 and PK 30 as safe and promising co-crystal formers

Implementation Of E-Learning System on Full-Stack concept

E-Learning system is a popular method proposed for effective learning from virtually anywhere. The proposed technique is for creating an E-learning system with the implementation of Full-Stack Concept. It offers the ability to share material in all kinds of formats such as videos, slideshows, word documents and PDFs. It will allow the teachers to conduct webinars (live online classes) and communication/discussion between students and teachers via thread forums. The system will focus on providing open free courses to everyone interested in participating in the learning process via registration to the system and subscribing to the specific courses. The purpose is to eventually build a digital library for each subject and create frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) for the section. It will focus on allowing users to view, share, upload, register, login, logout, add to favorite, browse history, subscribe to courses, view the contents, comments and view them, create discussion threads. The main focus will be to design the system using full-stack concept which allows only one language to be used primarily for the implantation of the system

Minimally Invasive Approach for Full Mouth Rehabilitation Using Table-Tops in A Patient with Generalized Attrition

Currently A table-top is a conservative treatment approach limited to the thickness of the occlusal table with margins placed supragingivally for covering all the cusps of teeth. Its indications include patients with occlusal wear due to attrition or abrasion, teeth with cracks/fracture lines and endodontically treated teeth. The present case report demonstrates its potential in the field of prosthodontics to achieve full mouth rehabilitation through a minimally invasive approac

AVL Tree Implementation

This paper is about result of a series of simulation which investigates the performance of AVL tree. AVL Tree is a program develops in C++ to create and arrange data in hierarchical manner. In computer science, an AVL tree is a self-balancing binary search tree, and it was the first such data structure to be invented. In an AVL tree, the heights of the two child sub-trees of any node differ by at most one. Lookup, insertion, and deletion all take O(log n) time in both the average and worst cases, where n is the number of nodes in the tree prior to the operation. Insertions and deletions may require the tree to be rebalanced by one or more tree rotations

Comparison of Transient Elastography and Liver Biopsy in Assessing Fibrosis in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common cause of chronic liver disease. Ultrasound-based transient elastography (TE) or TE of the liver is a noninvasive tool for effectively evaluating liver stiffness and fibrosis. The study aimed to compare the accuracy of TE as assessed by Fibroscan with liver biopsy in staging fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. Consecutive NAFLD patients (N = 72) were prospectively enrolled. TE evaluation was performed with Fibroscan and compared with liver biopsy, which is a reference standard. Fibrosis was staged according to the METAVIR scoring system (Meta-analysis of Histological Data in Viral Hepatitis). TE scores and biopsy-related fibrosis stages were correlated. Diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values) of TE was evaluated. Data were analyzed using software R v3.6.3. Liver biopsy showed that 36.11% of patients did not exhibit fibrosis, whereas 25, 16.67, 15.28, and 6.94% of patients had stage F1 (portal/mild fibrosis), F2 (periportal/moderate fibrosis), F3 (bridging/severe fibrosis), and F4 (cirrhosis/advanced fibrosis), respectively. TE showed that 50% of patients had cirrhosis, whereas 20.83,15.28, and 13.86% of patients had mild, moderate, and severe fibrosis, respectively. TE had 71% accuracy, 89% sensitivity, and 38% specificity in diagnosing the severity of fibrosis. Hence, it can be implemented as a noninvasive alternative diagnostic tool for understanding the severity of fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. Moreover, it can also be used for quick early diagnosis of NAFLD, reliable staging of fibrosis, and understanding the need for liver transplantation in patients with NAFLD

Formulation and Evaluation of Ezetimibe Lyophilized Dry Emulsion Tablets

This article presents the development of lyophilized dry emulsion tablets prepared with the dry emulsion technique to enhance the in-vitro dissolution and in-vivo performance of the poorly bioavailable drug Ezetimibe. Ezetimibe (EZT) is a lipid-lowering drug that inhibits intestinal uptake of dietary and biliary cholesterol without affecting the absorption of fat-soluble nutrients. Ezetimibe has a very low solubility and dissolution rate resulting in highly variable bioavailability, which is also in part due to extensive efflux by p-glycoprotein (P-Gp). Tablets were fabricated by freezedrying o/w emulsions of Ezetimibe. The Emulsions were prepared using a matrix former solution (alginate or gelatin, 2 or 4%) containing a sugar alcohol (mannitol), as the water phase and Labrafac® as the oil phase under proper homogenization. In the present study friability, disintegration time, and in-vitro dissolutionof lyophilized dry emulsion tablets were done. Results showed the significant influence of the matrix former and emulsifier type on the disintegration time. In-vitro dissolution studies revealed the enhanced dissolution rate of Ezetimibe from the lyophilized tablets compared to the plain drug. DSC studies proved presence of the drug in the amorphous form in the fabricated tablets. The obtained results suggest a promising, easy-to-manufacture and effective dosage form for the treatment of hyperlipidemia. Keywords: Ezetimibe, lyophilized dry emulsion tablet, and hyperlipidemia, freeze drying, Labrafac

Gel meloksikama za topičku primjenu: In vitro i in vivo vrednovanje

Skin delivery of NSAIDs offers several advantages over the oral route associated with potential side effects. In the present investigation, topical gel of meloxicam (MLX) was formulated using N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) as a solubilizer and Carbopol Ultrez 10® as a gelling polymer. MLX gel was evaluated with respect to different physicochemical parameters such as pH, viscosity and spreadability. Irritation potential of MLX gel was studied on rabbits. Permeation of MLX gel was studied using freshly excised rat skin as a membrane. Anti-inflammatory activity of MLX gel was studied in rats and compared with the commercial formulation of piroxicam (Pirox® gel, 0.5 %, m/m). Accelerated stability studies were carried out for MLX gel for 6 months according to ICH guidelines. MLX gel was devoid of any skin irritation in rabbits. After 12 h, cumulative permeation of MLX through excised rat skin was 3.0 ± 1.2 mg cm2 with the corresponding flux value of 0.24 ± 0.09 mg cm2 h1. MLX gel exhibited significantly higher anti-inflammatory activity in rats compared to Pirox® gel. Physicochemically stable and non-irritant MLX gel was formulated which could deliver significant amounts of active substance across the skin in vitro and in vivo to elicit the anti-inflammatory activity.Primjena nesteroidnih protuupalnih lijekova na kožu ima nekoliko prednosti nad peroralnim načinom primjene uz koju se vežu određene nuspojave. U radu je opisana priprava gela meloksikama (MLX) za topičku primjenu. U pripravi gela korišten je N-metil pirolidon (NMP) kao otapalo i Carbopol ultrez 10® kao polimer za geliranje. Određivani su različiti fizikokemijski parametri kao što su pH, viskoznost i razmazljivost. Potencijalna iritacija MLX gela testirana je na kunićima, a svojstvo permeacije na svježim izrescima kože štakora. Protuupalno djelovanje praćeno je na štakorima i uspoređeno s registriranim pripravkom piroksikama (Pirox® gel, 0,5 % m/m). Testovi ubrzanog starenja MLX gela rađeni su tijekom 6 mjeseci prema ICH protokolu. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju da MLX gel nimalo ne iritira kožu kunića. Kumulativna permeacija nakon 12 h bila je 3,0 ± 1,2 mg cm2, s odgovarajućem vrijednošću fluksa 0,24 ± 0,09 mg cm2 h1. MLX gel pokazao je značajno jače protuupalno djelovanje u odnosu na Pirox® gel. Pripravljeni gel je stabilan, ne iritira kožu, te in vitro i in vivo doprema kroz kožu ljekovitu tvar u dovoljnoj količini da ispolji protuupalno djelovanje