ECMO Cannulation Techniques

An extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) circuit consists of a pump and a membrane oxygenator. This circuit can interface with the human body in a variety of cannulation strategies to provide different forms and levels of support. These various support techniques can be divided into two broad categories: those designed to support the body’s respiratory functions (lungs) and those designed to support the body’s blood circulation (heart). In this chapter we discuss various cannulation techniques used

Experimental Investigation of Adiabatic Film Cooling Effectiveness and Heat Transfer Coefficients over a Gas Turbine Blade Leading Edge Configuration

Increasing the rotor inlet temperature is one of the key technologies in raising gas turbine engine performance, for which the turbine blades need to be cooled. Film cooling is one of the efficient cooling techniques to cool the hot section components of a gas turbine engines. In film cooling, a gas which is cooler than the main stream is passed onto the external surface via small slots or rows of holes within the surface. In the present study, the experimental investigation was conducted for an adiabatic film effectiveness and heat transfer coefficients over a gas turbine blade leading edge model at a subsonic cascade tunnel facility of CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore. This study aims at investigating the effect of blowing ratio on the adiabatic film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer coefficients experimentally for the 20 Degree hole inclination angles gas turbine blade leading edge model. The blade leading edge model was fabricated using the Rapid Proto Typing method using a very low thermal conductivity nylon based alloy material. This study aims at bringing the optimized blowing ratio values for the considered hole diameter of leading edge configuration. The comparative results showed that the blowing ratio beyond 2.0 does not have any improvement in the adiabatic film cooling effectiveness

A Lossy Colour Image Compression Using Integer Wavelet Transforms and Binary Plane Transform

In the recent period, image data compression is the major component of communication and storage systems where the uncompressed images requires considerable compression technique, which should be capable to reduce the crippling disadvantages of data transmission and image storage. In the research paper, the novel image compression technique is proposed which is based on the spatial domain and quite effective for the compression of images. However, the performance of the proposed methodology is compared with the conventional compression techniques (Joint Photographic Experts Group) JPEG and set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) using the evaluation metrics compression ratio and peak signal to noise ratio. It is evaluated that Integer wavelets with binary plane technique is more effective compression technique than JPEG and SPIHT as it provided more efficient quality metrics values and visual quality

Removal of ocular artifacts from EEG signals using adaptive threshold PCA and Wavelet transforms

It becomes more difficult to identify and analyze the Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals when it is corrupted by eye movements and eye blinks. This paper gives the different methods how to remove the artifacts in EEG signals. In this paper we proposed wavelet based threshold method and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based adaptive threshold method to remove the ocular artifacts. Compared to the wavelet threshold method PCA based adaptive threshold method will gives the better PSNR value and it will decreases the elapsed time

Adenocarcinoma of Lung Presenting as Unilateral Blindness: A Case Report

Introduction: Lung cancer is the most common cause of death among cancers. Over 55% have distant metastasis at presentation. Intraocular metastasis is a rare site of spread. It is extremely unusual for lung cancer to present primarily with features of choroidal involvement before any respiratory symptoms are manifest.Case Report: A 53 year old lady presented with protrusion of the left eye followed by sudden unilateral painless loss of vision one month later. She was diagnosed to have a left retinal detachment due to a choroidal mass in the left eye. Enucleation was done and showed a metastatic carcinoma of unknown primary. Immunohistochemistry was suggestive of adenocarcinoma with primary in the lung. She had a right mid-lobe lesion for which biopsy was attempted but failed. She also had multiple skeletal metastases and small lesions in the liver. Mutation analysis on the enucleation specimen was positive for exon 19 mutation of EGFR gene and she was started on single agent oral gefitinib 250mg daily and bisphosphonates. Reassessment done 3 months showed reduction in the size of the primary lung lesion with resolution of the liver lesions. Skeletal lesions remained the same.Conclusion: This case of choroidal metastasis presenting with retinal detachment demonstrates a very rare initial presentation of adenocarcinoma of the lung and highlights the need to look for a primary in the lung in cases of choroidal metastasis

Study of Optimum Inward Glass Tilt Angle for Window Glass in Different Indian Latitudes to Gain Minimum Heat into Buildings

AbstractModern buildings use glass materials for building enclosures. Extensive use of glass in building envelopes increases the heat gain, which in turn increases the energy demand to maintain the building at comfortable conditions. This paper presents experimentally measured spectral optical properties of four different glass materials such as, clear, bronze, green and reflective glasses. The solar optical properties were computed using spectral optical properties. The effect of inward glass tilts to gain minimum heat into buildings for different latitudes of India with four different glass materials for energy efficient glass window design was studied.. The optimum glass tilt for different Indian latitudes such as, 90, 130, 170, 210, 250 and 290 in all orientations of the window glass (E, W, N, S, NE, NW, SE and SW) were computed. From the results it is observed that at 90 and 170 N latitudes minimum heat gain is found to be in south direction for the vertical position of all the glasses. For 130 N latitude, 40 inward tilt of the glass is observed to be optimum in south direction. For latitudes 210 and 250 N, 20 inward tilt of the glass is efficient in south orientation. 290 N latitude requires an inward tilt of 60 for glass materials to eliminate solar radiation passing through the glasses in south direction

Investigation of Different Window and Wall Materials for Solar Passive Building Design

AbstractThe energy consumption associated with the cooling of the buildings is huge. In India buildings consume about 33% of country's power production for cooling and day lighting. The building enclosures such as walls, roofs and glasses play very vital role in reducing cooling loads in the buildings. The proper combination of window glass materials and wall materials can cut down the cooling costs extensively. In the present work, five different glass materials such as clear, bronze, grey, green and blue-green glass materials were selected and four different building materials such as burnt brick, cinder concrete, dense concrete and fly ash brick either side plastered with cement plaster were selected. Total twenty building models with various combinations of window glass and wall materials were designed in licensed Design builder 4.3.0.039 version and thermal analysis was carried out in Energy plus 8.1 software package. Thermal performance of various building models in four different climatic zones such as hot and dry, temperate, warm and humid and composite were investigated. From the results of the study, it is observed that fly ash brick wall building model with grey window glass is found to be energy efficient in all Indian climatic zones from the reduced cooling load point of view among all studied combinations in East, West, North and South orientations. From the results it is observed that the fly ash brick buildings with grey glass window is observed to be the most energy efficient combination for reducing cooling loads as they gain the least heat gain in south orientation (21.51 kWh) for Ahmedabad region. The results of the study help in designing energy efficient passive buildings

Study of Unsteady State Thermal Characteristics of Homogeneous and Composite Walls of Building and Insulating Materials for Passive Cooling

Passive cooling is one of the methods to keep the building cool and to reduce the load on air conditioner. Passive cooling demands the study of the thermal characteristics like admittance, transmittance, decrement factor, time lag, surface factor and surface factor time lags. These characteristics were determined for both homogeneous and composite walls. The buildings are built with composite wall. This demands the study of thermal characteristics of composite wall. In this study, five building materials like Laterite stone, Burnt brick, Mud brick, Reinforced brick and Fly ash bricks were selected as homogeneous building materials. Five local Insulating materials such as Saw dust, Rice husk, Coir board, Jute felt and Jute fiber were selected to form the composite wall along with building materials. The composite walls were framed using the combination of building materials and insulation materials. Total hundred combinations of composite walls, without insulation (Configuration-A) and with insulation material located at inner side (Configuration-D), insulation material at mid plane (Configuration-C) and insulation material at outer side (Configuration-B) of the composite wall were studied. To study the thermal characteristics of such configurations of composite wall, one dimensional heat flow diffusion equation was solved using matrix algebra under periodic boundary conditions. The penetration length of thermal waves, the phase velocity of the heat wave in the wall and optimum fabric thickness of the selected building and insulating materials were calculated. From this study it is found that the decrement factors of the fly ash brick (0.401) and jute felt (0.4) are the least and the time lags of the fly ash bricks (8.15h) and jute felt (8.75h) are the highest among all the studied homogeneous building and insulating materials. Hence these two homogeneous materials are more effective building and insulating materials at suppressing temperature swings. It is summarized that insulation located at the inner surface (Configuration D) of the composite wall gives the lower time lags and higher decrement factors. This is the worst condition of insulating the wall among all the studied configurations. It is also concluded that fly ash brick composite walls with jute felt insulation located at the mid plane of the wall give greater time lags (11.17 h) and reinforced brick composite walls with rice husk insulation located at the inner side of the wall give lower time lag values (7.37h). It was also observed that fly ash brick composite walls with coir board insulation located at the outer side of the wall give the lowest value of decrement factor (0.17) and reinforced brick composite walls with jute fiber insulation located at the inner side of the wall give higher decrement factors (0.37). Fly ash brick composite walls with jute felt insulation located at the mid center plane of the wall are the most recommended composite walls among all the studied composite walls. Henceforth this composite wall is recommended for passive cooling

Pretibial Full Thickness Skin Burn following Indirect Contact from Bone-Cement Use in a Giant Cell Tumour

Bone cement reaches significant temperatures and is known to cause thermal and chemical damage to various tissues. All the reports of such damage occurred following a direct contact of the tissue or structure with cement. We report the case of a patient with a giant cell tumour of the proximal tibia who underwent curettage and bone cement application through a posterior approach and subsequently developed full thickness pretibial skin damage despite showing no evidence of any direct contact of the involved skin with bone cement. This is the first report of its kind and though anecdotal is a serious complication that surgeons should be aware of

Investigation of Dynamic Thermal Parameters of Various Insulation Filled Bricks Exposed to Periodic Thermal Variations for Energy Efficient Stuffed Bricks Design

The space cooling systems account for nearly 30% of energy consumption in India. The highly insulated external walls are essential prerequisites for low energy consumption of buildings. Filling shell of the brick with insulation material is one of the methods to reduce cooling loads in buildings. This paper aims to investigate the dynamic thermal parameters of various insulation filled bricks. The dynamic thermal parameters highlighted in the study include thermal transmittance, admittance, decrement factor, time lag and areal thermal heat capacity. The cyclic admittance method was employed in computer simulation program to compute dynamic thermal parameters of stuffed bricks. The four brick materials such as mud bricks, burnt bricks, concrete blocks and fly ash bricks were selected. The insulation materials used for filling shells of the brick are foam glass and asbestos fibre. The total forty eight stuffed bricks were investigated. The shell of the brick is filled by the insulation and the each layer of insulation is separated by a brick web. The shell and web thickness of the brick were maintained as per the Indian standards. The six configurations of the stuffed bricks were investigated (1. Solid brick, 2. Bricks with the shell of the brick filled with single layer of insulation, 3. Bricks with the shell of the brick filled with two layers of insulation with each insulation layer separated with a brick web, 4. Bricks with the shell of the brick filled with three layers of insulation with each insulation layer separated by a brick web, 5. Bricks with the shell of the brick filled with four layers of insulation with each insulation layer separated by a brick web and 6. Bricks with the shell of the brick filled with five layers of insulation with each insulation layer separated by a brick web). From the results, it is observed that the stuffed bricks significantly improve time lag values as compared to the conventional solid bricks. The decrement factor decreases, admittance increases and areal thermal heat capacity increases with the increase in the number of insulation layers in the bricks. The concrete blocks with the shell of the bricks filled with five layers of asbestos fibre insulation offer the highest admittance (3.11W/m2K), the lowest decrement factor (0.435), the highest time lag values (8.26 h) and the highest areal thermal heat capacity (57366 J/m2K) among all insulation filled bricks studied. The results of the paper help in designing energy efficient stuffed bricks which can be used for construction of buildings and thereby reducing cooling loads