Is the right testis more affected by cryptorchidism than the left testis? An ultrasonographic approach in dogs of different sizes and breeds

Background: Considered the most common congenital testicular abnormality of companion animals and a predisposition factor to the development of testicular neoplasia, cryptorchidism is defined as the non-descent of one or both testes to their normal anatomical location. Data on the occurrence of cryptorchidism in Brazil are scarce. The purpose of this work was to verify the occurrence of cryptorchidism in dogs of different sizes and breeds. Materials and methods: Cryptorchidism identification was carried out by ultrasound scanning, from November, 1994 to March, 2007, at the Centre for Veterinarian Diagnosis and Support (Centro de Apoio e Diagnóstico Veterinário — CAD), in Rio de Janeiro. 4924 male dogs of different breeds were examined, revealing 403 (8.2%) cryptorchidism. Results: In this study, occurrence took place more often on the right testicle (59.5%), more frequently displaying inguinal localisation (59.5%) and unilateral occurrence (70%). Regarding bilateral presentation, the symmetrical form was the most common (86.8%). Cryptorchidism was more common in the inguinal region of dog of small sized breeds and in the abdominal region in dogs of medium- and large-sized breeds. Conclusions: Ultrasound scan proved a valuable diagnosis tool for cryptorchid testes, giving precise localisation and parenchymal changes thus leading to a safe clinical treatment

Trajectories of Delinquency and Parenting Styles

We investigated trajectories of adolescent delinquent development using data from the Pittsburgh Youth Study and examined the extent to which these different trajectories are differentially predicted by childhood parenting styles. Based on self-reported and official delinquency seriousness, covering ages 10–19, we identified five distinct delinquency trajectories differing in both level and change in seriousness over time: a nondelinquent, minor persisting, moderate desisting, serious persisting, and serious desisting trajectory. More serious delinquents tended to more frequently engage in delinquency, and to report a higher proportion of theft. Proportionally, serious persistent delinquents were the most violent of all trajectory groups. Using cluster analysis we identified three parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian (moderately supportive), and neglectful (punishing). Controlling for demographic characteristics and childhood delinquency, neglectful parenting was more frequent in moderate desisters, serious persisters, and serious desisters, suggesting that parenting styles differentiate non- or minor delinquents from more serious delinquents

The Relationship Between Parenting and Delinquency: A Meta-analysis

This meta-analysis of 161 published and unpublished manuscripts was conducted to determine whether the association between parenting and delinquency exists and what the magnitude of this linkage is. The strongest links were found for parental monitoring, psychological control, and negative aspects of support such as rejection and hostility, accounting for up to 11% of the variance in delinquency. Several effect sizes were moderated by parent and child gender, child age, informant on parenting, and delinquency type, indicating that some parenting behaviors are more important for particular contexts or subsamples. Although both dimensions of warmth and support seem to be important, surprisingly very few studies focused on parenting styles. Furthermore, fewer than 20% of the studies focused on parenting behavior of fathers, despite the fact that the effect of poor support by fathers was larger than poor maternal support, particularly for sons. Implications for theory and parenting are discussed

The impact of ADHD and conduct disorder in childhood on adult delinquency: A 30 years follow-up study using official crime records

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Few longitudinal studies have explored lifetime criminality in adults with a childhood history of severe mental disorders. In the present study, we wanted to explore the association between adult delinquency and several different childhood diagnoses in an in-patient population. Of special interest was the impact of disturbance of activity and attention (ADHD) and mixed disorder of conduct and emotions on later delinquency, as these disorders have been variously associated with delinquent development.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Former Norwegian child psychiatric in-patients (n = 541) were followed up 19-41 years after hospitalization by record linkage to the National Register of Criminality. On the basis of the hospital records, the patients were re-diagnosed according to ICD-10. The association between diagnoses and other baseline factors and later delinquency were investigated using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>At follow-up, 24% of the participants had been convicted of criminal activity.</p> <p>In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, conduct disorder (RR = 2.0, 95%CI = 1.2-3.4) and hyperkinetic conduct disorder (RR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.6-4.4) significantly increased the risk of future criminal behaviour. Pervasive developmental disorder (RR = 0.4, 95%CI = 0.2-0.9) and mental retardation (RR = 0.4, 95%CI = 0.3-0.8) reduced the risk for a criminal act. Male gender (RR = 3.6, 95%CI = 2.1-6.1) and chronic family difficulties (RR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.1-1.5) both predicted future criminality.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Conduct disorder in childhood was highly associated with later delinquency both alone or in combination with hyperactivity, but less associated when combined with an emotional disorder. ADHD in childhood was no more associated with later delinquency than the rest of the disorders in the study population. Our finding strengthens the assumption that there is no direct association between ADHD and criminality.</p

Descrição morfológica e morfométrica da glândula vesicular de cobaias durante o desenvolvimento pós-natal

Glândulas vesiculares são essenciais para a reprodução, pois suas secreções afetam a função espermática. Cobaias (Cavia porcellus) são um excelente modelo experimental para estudo destas glândulas, contudo não existem dados morfológicos e morfométricos durante seu desenvolvimento. Neste estudo a morfologia (projeções das pregas (PP) e altura das células epiteliais (AE) da túnica mucosa) e a morfometria (massa (MG), volume (VG), comprimento (CG), largura das porções cranial (LCR), média (LM) e caudal (LCA)) das glândulas vesiculares foram determinadas em cobaios (N= 25) com uma (S1), três (S3), cinco (S5), oito (S8) e onze (S11) semanas de idade (N=5/grupo de idade). Em adição massa (MC), comprimento (CC) e altura (AC) corporais e o índice organo-somático (IOS) foram também determinados e o coeficiente de correlação (r) estabelecido entre as variáveis. As glândulas restringiam-se a cavidade pélvica e tinham seu interior repleto de uma massa semi-sólida e, após a S8, ocuparam também a cavidade abdominal e tiveram o conteúdo aumentado significativamente. A túnica mucosa era pregueada e forrada de um epitélio simples colunar. MC, CC e AC aumentaram continuamente com a idade. MG, VG, CG e LCA não se alteraram da S1 a S5 e aumentaram na S8; enquanto que MF, VG e LCA também aumentaram na S11. IOS e PP aumentaram na S8 e S11 e AE na S5, S8 e S11. Houve (r) significativo entre a idade, Bc e MFg,; IOS e MG na S8 e S11; idade e PP; idade e AE e entre PP e AE. Em conclusão, as glândulas vesiculares de cobaios seguiram o padrão morfológico observado em ratos e hamsters, mas diferiram em alguns aspectos de outros histricomorfos, podendo ser utilizadas como modelo experimental e seu desenvolvimento morfológico e morfométrico podem ser divididos em três fases: da S1 a S5, quando são discretos; da S6 a S8 de idade, quando são acentuados de maneira geral e após a S8, quando há incremento intenso da capacidade secretória