The Confessional Situation and Social Stability

Gaining state independence in 1991 and the rejection of the totalitarian political and economic systems stipulated quite a new situation in the life of the Ukrainian society. It has naturally lead to a dynamic development of religious organizations and of church life as the greatly increased number of religious centers, monasteries, religious study centers, religious periodicals and publications well illustrates. Religious variety in the modern Ukrainian society has a set of problems concerning the relations between confessions

Refinement of the geological model of Jurassic deposits accounting the results of stochastic inversion and facies modeling

The paper presents the results of a comprehensive interpretation showing the effective way to integrate seismic data into a three-dimensional geological model. Stochastic inversion was used to increase the reliability of forecasts of productive thicknesses. A comprehensive interpretation of the geological and geophysical information of the Yu21 formation deposits of the Malyshevskaya formation was carried out, including sedimentological analysis of core data, petroelastic modeling of well logging curves for the purposes of stochastic inversion and stochastic inversion of seismic data. An areal forecast of sedimentation environments (facies) was carried out. The resulting three-dimensional geological model, in more detail, compared to the model without taking into account the spatial seismic forecast, emphasizes the heterogeneity of the distribution of properties in the geological environment, which is especially important when planning production drilling with horizontal wells

Three-dimensional modelling of sputtered materials transport in diagnostic ducts of fusion devices

Migration of plasma erosion products in plasma facilities is studied experimentally and numerically within the framework of modelling transport of plasma-facing materials in the diagnostic ducts of fusion devices. Material transport simulation is discussed for two cases of low and high background neutral gas pressures. Monte Carlo software KITe was used to simulate transport at a neutral gas background pressure 0.1-0.5 Pa – typical during steady-state tokamak operation and during pressure pulses caused by edge localized modes (ELMs). The simulation approach was implemented to describe experiments at the MAGNUM-PSI facility. Fluid dynamic code FLUENT is used to simulate transport during pressure surges as high as 1000 Pa, which can occur in case of severe disruptions in tokamak plasma discharges, such as vertical displacement events (VDE) or accidental events. The hydrodynamic approach was verified in simulation of target sputtering in the QSPA plasma gun facility.<br/

Three-dimensional modelling of sputtered materials transport in diagnostic ducts of fusion devices

Migration of plasma erosion products in plasma facilities is studied experimentally and numerically within the framework of modelling transport of plasma-facing materials in the diagnostic ducts of fusion devices. Material transport simulation is discussed for two cases of low and high background neutral gas pressures. Monte Carlo software KITe was used to simulate transport at a neutral gas background pressure 0.1-0.5 Pa – typical during steady-state tokamak operation and during pressure pulses caused by edge localized modes (ELMs). The simulation approach was implemented to describe experiments at the MAGNUM-PSI facility. Fluid dynamic code FLUENT is used to simulate transport during pressure surges as high as 1000 Pa, which can occur in case of severe disruptions in tokamak plasma discharges, such as vertical displacement events (VDE) or accidental events. The hydrodynamic approach was verified in simulation of target sputtering in the QSPA plasma gun facility

Diagnostic Mirrors for ITER: Research in the Frame of International Tokamak Physics Activity

Mirrors will be used as first plasma-viewing elements in optical and laser-based diagnostics in ITER. Deterioration of the mirror performance due to e.g. sputtering of the mirror surface by plasma particles or deposition of impurities will hamper the entire performance of the affected diagnostic and thus affect ITER operation. The Specialists Working Group on First Mirrors (FM SWG) in the Topical Group on Diagnostics of the International Tokamak Physics Activity (ITPA) plays an important role in finding solutions for diagnostic first mirrors. Sound progress in research and development of diagnostic mirrors in ITER was achieved since the last overview in 2009. Single crystal (SC) rhodium (Rh) mirrors became available. SC rhodium and molybdenum (Mo) mirrors survived in conditions corresponding to ~200 cleaning cycles with a negligible degradation of reflectivity. These results are important for a mirror cleaning system which is presently under development. The cleaning system is based on sputtering of contaminants by plasma. Repetitive cleaning was tested on several mirror materials. Experiments comprised contamination/cleaning cycles. The reflectivity SC Mo and Rh mirrors has changed insignificantly after 80 cycles. First in situ cleaning using radiofrequency (RF) plasma was conducted in EAST tokamak with a mock-up plate of ITER edge Thomson Scattering (ETS) with five inserted mirrors. Contaminants from the mirrors were removed. Physics of cleaning discharge was studied both experimentally and by modeling. Mirror contamination can also be mitigated by protecting diagnostic ducts. A deposition mitigation (DeMi) duct system was exposed in KSTAR. The real-time measurement of deposition in the diagnostic duct was pioneered during this experiment. Results evidenced the dominating effect of the wall conditioning and baking on contamination inside the duct. A baffled cassette with mirrors was exposed at the main wall of JET for 23,6 plasma hours. No significant degradation of reflectivity was measured on mirrors located in the ducts. Predictive modeling was further advanced. A model for the particle transport, deposition and erosion at the port-plug was used in selecting an optical layout of several ITER diagnostics. These achievements contributed to the focusing of the first mirror research thus accelerating the diagnostic development. Modeling requires more efforts. Remaining crucial issues will be in a focus of the future work of the FM SWG