Electrodynamics of Bose-Einstein condensates in angular motion

A theory determining the electric and magnetic properties of vortex states in Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) is presented. The principal ingredient is the Lagrangian of the system which we derive correct to the first order in the atomic centre of mass velocity. For the first time using centre of mass coordinates, a gauge transformation is performed and relevant relativistic corrections are included. The Lagrangian is symmetric in the electric and magnetic aspects of the problem and includes two key interaction terms, namely the Aharanov-Casher and the Roentgen interaction terms. The constitutive relations, which link the electromagnetic fields to the matter fields via their electric polarisation and magnetisation, follow from the Lagrangian as well as the corresponding Hamiltonian. These relations, together with a generalised Gross-Pitaevskii equation, determine the magnetic (electric) monopole charge distributions accompanying an order n vortex state when the constituent atoms are characterised by an electric dipole (magnetic dipole). Field distributions associated with electric dipole active (magnetic dipole active) BECs in a vortex state are evaluated for an infinite- and a finite-length cylindrical BEC. The predictd monopole charge distributions, both electric and magnetic, automatically satisfy the requirement of global charge neutrality and the derivations highlight the exact symmetry between the electric and magnetic properties. Order of magnitude estimates of the effects are given for an atomic gas BEC, superfluid helium and a spin-polarised hydrogen BEC.Comment: 23 pages, 2 figures, submitted to Journal of Optics

Normal modes and mode transformation of pure electron vortex beams

Electron vortex beams constitute the first class of matter vortex beams which are currently routinely produced in the laboratory. Here, we briefly review the progress of this nascent field and put forward a natural quantum basis set which we show is suitable for the description of electron vortex beams. The normal modes are truncated Bessel beams (TBBs) defined in the aperture plane or the Fourier transform of the transverse structure of the TBBs (FT-TBBs) in the focal plane of a lens with the said aperture. As these modes are eigenfunctions of the axial orbital angular momentum operator, they can provide a complete description of the two-dimensional transverse distribution of the wave function of any electron vortex beam in such a system, in analogy with the prominent role Laguerre- Gaussian (LG) beams played in the description of optical vortex beams. The characteristics of the normal modes of TBBs and FT-TBBs are described, including the quantized orbital angular momentum (in terms of the winding number l) and the radial index p> 0. We present the experimental realization of such beams using computer-generated holograms. The mode analysis can be carried out using astigmatic transformation optics, demonstrating close analogy with the astigmatic mode transformation between LG and Hermite-Gaussian beams

Orbital-Angular-Momentum Mode Selection by Rotationally Symmetric Superposition of Chiral States with Application to Electron Vortex Beams

A general orbital-angular-momentum (OAM) mode selection principle is put forward involving the rotationally symmetric superposition of chiral states. This principle is not only capable of explaining the operation of vortex generating elements such as spiral zone plate holograms, but more importantly, it enables the systematic and flexible generation of structured OAM waves in general. This is demonstrated both experimentally and theoretically in the context of electron vortex beams using rotationally symmetric binary amplitude chiral sieve masks

Effects of dietary inclusion of sun-dried or roasted stranded fish on egg-type pullet growth and egg laying of hens

     The objective of the study was to measure the effect of the substitution of imported super concentrate by different levels of locally produced fishmeal on pullet’s growth and egg laying performance. Different types of stranded fish from the White Nile, Sudan, were collected during March and April 2017, ground and then sun-dried (A) or roasted (B). The experimental diets were iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous to meet or exceed the requirements of pullets growing phases (starter, grower and developer) and laying. The dried or roasted fish (fishmeal) were used to replace the imported protein concentrates at three levels. The sun-dried fish (A) consisted of A1 with 1.5% locally sun-dried fishmeal (L.S.F) and 3.5% imported concentrate (I.C.), A2 with 3.5 % (L.S.F) and 1.5% (I.C) and A3 with 5 % (L.S.F) and 0% (I.C). Similarly, the roasted fish (B) consisted of B1 with 1.5 % locally roasted fishmeal (L.R.F) and 3.5% (I.C.), B2 with 3.5 % (L.R.F) and 1.5 % (I.C) and B3 with 5 % (L.R.F) and 0 % (I.C). The control diet contained 0% local fishmeal (C). A total of 210 one day-old (Hy-Line W-98) pullets were allotted to these seven treatments which were replicated three times with ten birds each. The results showed that at the end of the entire growing period, birds fed the sun-dried fishmeal (A) had the highest body weight, weight gain and feed consumption followed by birds fed on (B) diets. The birds fed on control diets (C) consumed numerically the least feed and had the lightest body weight. The highest body weight and weight gain values were recorded with A1 treatment.  At the end of the starter period, the birds fed with B1, B2 and A3 had the lowest levels of blood cholesterol. The birds fed the control and B1 diets had the highest blood cholesterol. At the end of developer period, cholesterol, triglyceride, uric acid and calcium were not significantly affected by treatments. There were no significant differences between sun-dried and roasted fish in hen-day egg production during early weeks of production, however, hens fed the control diet produced less eggs compared with sun-dried treatments during the early production period. It is recommended to replace the super concentrate with 70% sun-dried fish

Albumin: Creatinine Ratio during long term Diabetes Mellitus in the Assessment of early Nephropathy in Sudanese Population

Background: Diabetic nephropathy is one of the major causes of chronic renal failure. Microalbuminuria (MAU) has been recognized as an independent and reliable predictor for future development of overt proteinuria in diabetic patients.Objectives: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried during the period of January-April 2012, in Omdurman Teaching Hospital, to determine Microalbuminuria creatinine ratio, in long term Diabetic patients.Materials and Methods: Immunoturbidmetric method was used to asses’ microalbuminuria in 50 cases (50%) and 50 controls (50%). Ordinary chemical method (Jaffe reaction) was used for the determination of creatinine for both the groups.Results: Microalbuminuria in Diabetic patients showed an increase when compared with the control group with P value 0.000. Similarly creatinine also showed an increase in diabetic patients.Conclusion: It was concluded and is in further affirmation of the previous studies that microalbuminuria should be used as an early indicator for Diabetic Nephropathy. Further studies with 24 hour urine sample are recommended for assessment of Microalbuminuria in long term Diabetic patients, provided that the patients are on a normal diet with regular treatment for diabetes.Key words: Microalbuminuria, Creatinine, Diabetes mellitus, Nephropathy

Chaotic dynamics of cold atoms in far-off-resonant donut beam

We describe the classical two dimensinal nonlinear dynamics of cold atoms in far-off-resonant donut beams. We show that there chaotic dynamics exists for charge greater than unity, when the intensity of the beam is periodically modulated. The two dimensional distributions of atoms in $(x,y)$ plane for charge two are simulated. We show that the atoms will acumulate on several ring regions when the system enters to regime of global chaos.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figure

estMOI: estimating multiplicity of infection using parasite deep sequencing data.

Individuals living in endemic areas generally harbour multiple parasite strains. Multiplicity of infection (MOI) can be an indicator of immune status and transmission intensity. It has a potentially confounding effect on a number of population genetic analyses, which often assume isolates are clonal. Polymerase chain reaction-based approaches to estimate MOI can lack sensitivity. For example, in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, genotyping of the merozoite surface protein (MSP1/2) genes is a standard method for assessing MOI, despite the apparent problem of underestimation. The availability of deep coverage data from massively parallizable sequencing technologies means that MOI can be detected genome wide by considering the abundance of heterozygous genotypes. Here, we present a method to estimate MOI, which considers unique combinations of polymorphisms from sequence reads. The method is implemented within the estMOI software. When applied to clinical P.falciparum isolates from three continents, we find that multiple infections are common, especially in regions with high transmission