886 research outputs found
Two-band superconductors: Extended Ginzburg-Landau formalism by a systematic expansion in small deviation from the critical temperature
We derive the extended Ginzburg-Landau (GL) formalism for a clean s-wave
two-band superconductor by employing a systematic expansion of the free-energy
functional and the corresponding matrix gap equation in powers of the small
deviation from the critical temperature tau = 1-T/T_c. The two lowest orders of
this expansion produce the equation for T_c and the GL theory. It is shown that
in agreement with previous studies, the two-band GL theory maps onto the
single-band GL model and thus fails to describe the difference in the spatial
profiles of the two band condensates. We prove that except for some very
special cases, this difference appears already in the leading correction to the
GL theory, which constitutes the extended GL formalism. We derive linear
differential equations that determine the leading corrections to the band order
parameters and magnetic field, discuss the validity of these equations, and
consider examples of an important interplay between the band condensates.
Finally, we present numerical results for the thermodynamic critical magnetic
field and temperature-dependent band gaps (at zero field), which are in a very
good agreement with those obtained from the full BCS approach in a wide
temperature range. To this end, we emphasize the advantages of our extended GL
theory in comparison with the often used two-component GL-like model based on
an unreconstructed two-band generalization of the Gor'kov derivation
Numerical simulation of positive streamer development in thundercloud field enhanced near raindrops
Physical degrees of freedom in stabilized brane world models
We consider brane world models with interbrane separation stabilized by the
Goldberger-Wise scalar field. For arbitrary background, or vacuum
configurations of the gravitational and scalar fields in such models, we
construct the second variation Lagrangian, study its gauge invariance, find the
corresponding equations of motion and decouple them in a suitable gauge. We
also derive an effective four-dimensional Lagrangian for such models, which
describes the massless graviton, a tower of massive gravitons and a tower of
massive scalars. It is shown that for a special choice of the background
solution the masses of the graviton excitations may be of the order of a few
TeV, the radion mass of the order of 100 GeV, the inverse size of the extra
dimension being tens of GeV. In this case the coupling of the radion to matter
on the negative tension brane is approximately the same as in the unstabilized
model with the same values of the fundamental five-dimensional energy scale and
the interbrane distance.Comment: 17 pages, LaTeX, corrected typos, amended the normalization constants
of the scalar modes and their coupling constants to matte
Galilean symmetry in the effective theory of inflation: new shapes of non-Gaussianity
We study the consequences of imposing an approximate Galilean symmetry on the
Effective Theory of Inflation, the theory of small perturbations around the
inflationary background. This approach allows us to study the effect of
operators with two derivatives on each field, which can be the leading
interactions due to non-renormalization properties of the Galilean Lagrangian.
In this case cubic non-Gaussianities are given by three independent operators,
containing up to six derivatives, two with a shape close to equilateral and one
peaking on flattened isosceles triangles. The four-point function is larger
than in models with small speed of sound and potentially observable with the
Planck satellite.Comment: 23 pages, 6 figures. v2: minor changes to match JCAP published
versio
A Naturally Large Four-Point Function in Single Field Inflation
Non-Gaussianities of the primordial density perturbations have emerged as a
very powerful possible signal to test the dynamics that drove the period of
inflation. While in general the most sensitive observable is the three-point
function in this paper we show that there are technically natural inflationary
models where the leading source of non-Gaussianity is the four-point function.
Using the recently developed Effective Field Theory of Inflation, we are able
to show that it is possible to impose an approximate parity symmetry and an
approximate continuos shift symmetry on the inflaton fluctuations that allow,
when the dispersion relation is of the form , for a unique
quartic operator, while approximately forbidding all the cubic ones. The
resulting shape for the four-point function is unique. In the models where the
dispersion relation is of the form a similar construction
can be carried out and additional shapes are possible.Comment: 13 pages, 1 figure. v2: extended discussion on near-de-Sitter model
Comparison of high-specific-activity ultratrace 123/131I-MIBG and carrier-added 123/131I-MIBG on efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and tissue distribution
Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) is an enzymatically stable synthetic analog of norepinephrine that when radiolabled with diagnostic ((123)I) or therapeutic ((131)I) isotopes has been shown to concentrate highly in sympathetically innervated tissues such as the heart and neuroendocrine tumors that possesses high levels of norepinephrine transporter (NET). As the transport of MIBG by NET is a saturable event, the specific activity of the preparation may have dramatic effects on both the efficacy and safety of the radiodiagnostic/radiotherapeutic. Using a solid labeling approach (Ultratrace), noncarrier-added radiolabeled MIBG can be efficiently produced. In this study, specific activities of >1200 mCi/micromol for (123)I and >1600 mCi/micromol for (131)I have been achieved. A series of studies were performed to assess the impact of cold carrier MIBG on the tissue distribution of (123/131)I-MIBG in the conscious rat and on cardiovascular parameters in the conscious instrumented dog. The present series of studies demonstrated that the carrier-free Ultratrace MIBG radiolabeled with either (123)I or (131)I exhibited similar tissue distribution to the carrier-added radiolabeled MIBG in all nontarget tissues. In tissues that express NETs, the higher the specific activity of the preparation the greater will be the radiopharmaceutical uptake. This was reflected by greater efficacy in the mouse neuroblastoma SK-N-BE(2c) xenograft model and less appreciable cardiovascular side-effects in dogs when the high-specific-activity radiopharmaceutical was used. The increased uptake and retention of Ultratrace (123/131)I-MIBG may translate into a superior diagnostic and therapeutic potential. Lastly, care must be taken when administering therapeutic doses of the current carrier-added (131)I-MIBG because of its potential to cause adverse cardiovascular side-effects, nausea, and vomiting
Gravity and non-gravity mediated couplings in multiple-field inflation
Mechanisms for the generation of primordial non-Gaussian metric fluctuations
in the context of multiple-field inflation are reviewed. As long as kinetic
terms remain canonical, it appears that nonlinear couplings inducing
non-gaussianities can be split into two types. The extension of the one-field
results to multiple degrees of freedom leads to gravity mediated couplings that
are ubiquitous but generally modest. Multiple-field inflation offers however
the possibility of generating non-gravity mediated coupling in isocurvature
directions that can eventually induce large non-Gaussianities in the metric
fluctuations. The robustness of the predictions of such models is eventually
examined in view of a case study derived from a high-energy physics
construction.Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures, invited review for CQG issue on non-linear
cosmolog
Oscillations in the bispectrum
There exist several models of inflation that produce primordial bispectra
that contain a large number of oscillations. In this paper we discuss these
models, and aim at finding a method of detecting such bispectra in the data. We
explain how the recently proposed method of mode expansion of bispectra might
be able to reconstruct these spectra from separable basis functions. Extracting
these basis functions from the data might then lead to observational
constraints on these models.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures, submitted to JOP: Conference Series, PASCOS 201
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