Maisto papildo „Antihot “ įtaka bendrosios ištvermės parametrams ir antioksidacinei sportininko organizmo būklei

At the training session there was conducted an investigation of the dietary supplement “Antihot” impact on the parameters of general endurance and antioxidant status of athlete’s body in athletes practicing Kyokushin karate. Athletes included in the experimental group were taking “Antihot” under cyclic regimen (3 days – intake, 3 days – interval, 4 cycles in all). At that, over a period of the first cycle they were administrated the said dietary supplement by 1 capsule 3 times a day during or after meal, and over a period of the second-fourth cycles – 1 capsule 2 times a day (in the morning and evening during or after meal). Athletes from the control group administered placebo under the similar regimen. It was determined that an application of the dietary supplement “Antihot” under the mentioned regimen promoted the body tolerance to strenuous muscular activity and general endurance in elite athletes (improved results in a 3000-meter run comparing with the control group), which was accompanied by increase of the antioxidant system effectual functioning. In the experiments in vitro as to the rate of malonic dialdehyde cumulation in the environment of spontaneous lipid peroxidation, being induced by NADPH and ascorbate, in the isolated fractions of nuclear chromatin of the rats’ cells intoxicated with tetrachloromethane, the authors studied antioxidant and genomoprotector activity of the “Antihot” reactant – bemithylum. It was defined that bemithylum manifested its antioxidant and genomoprotector effect in both fractions, though it yielded to the reference antioxidant dibunalum.Per kiokušin karatė treniruotės ciklą buvo atliktas maisto papildo „Antihot“ įtakos bendrajai ištvermei ir antioksidacinei sportininko organizmo būsenai tyrimas. Sportininkai, priklausantys eksperimentinei grupei, „Antihot“ vartojo cikliniu režimu (3 dienas vartojo, 3 dienas darė pertrauką, iš viso buvo 4 ciklai). Pirmojo ciklo metu sportininkai vartojo nustatytą maisto papildo dozę – po 1 kapsulę 3 kartus per dieną valgio metu arba po jo, o 2–4 ciklų metu – po 1 kapsulę 2 kartus per dieną (ryte ir vakare valgio metu arba po jo). Sportininkai, priklausantys kontrolinei grupei, vartojo placebo preparatą panašiu režimu. Nustatyta, kad maisto papildo „Antihot“ vartojimas minėtu režimu pagreitina kūno adaptaciją prie intensyvios raumenų veiklos ir gerina elitinių sportininkų bendrąją ištvermę (pastebėti geresni 3000 m bėgimo rungties rezultatai, palyginti su kontroline grupe), dėl to kartu pagerėja ir tampa efektyvesnis antioksidacinės sistemos funkcionavimas. Eksperimentuose in vitro, siekiant įvertinti malono dialdehido kaupimosi greitį savaiminės lipidų peroksidacijos aplinkoje dėl NADPH ir askorbato (ascorbate) poveikio, autoriai išskirtose žiurkių ląstelių branduolių frakcijose, intoksikuotose tetrachlormetanu, tyrė „Antihot“ reaktanto – bemitilo (bemithylum) – antioksidacinį ir genomą apsaugantį veikimą. Abiejose frakcijose aiškiai pasitvirtino bemitilo antioksidacinis ir genomą apsaugantis poveikis, nors ir mažesnis negu antioksidanto dibunalo (dibunalum) poveikis

Аналіз методів представлення знань в інтелектуальних системах підтримки прийняття рішень

The scientific task, which is solved in the research, is the analysis of knowledge representation methods in intelligent decision-making support systems. The problem is explained by the fact that the form of knowledge representation significantly affects the characteristics and properties of the system. In order to operate all kinds of knowledge from the real world with the help of a computer, it is necessary to carry out their simulation. In such cases, it is necessary to distinguish knowledge intended for processing by computational devices from knowledge used by humans. In addition, with a large amount of knowledge, it is desirable to simplify the sequential management of individual elements of knowledge. A homogeneous representation leads to a simplification of the logic management mechanism and a simplification of knowledge management. The research is aimed at the analysis of knowledge representation methods in intelligent decision-making support systems. Currently, many models of knowledge representation have been developed. The main models include: logical models; frame model; network models (or semantic networks); production models. Therefore, the object of research is the intelligent decision-making support system. The subject of research is an intelligent decision-making support system. The following is set: – the methods (models, approaches) presented in the research for presenting knowledge in intelligent decision-making support systems in a canonical form are not advisable to use for a number of objective reasons given in subsection 3.1 of the research; – it is necessary to develop new (improvement of existing) representations of knowledge in intelligent decision-making support systems, which will have the advantages of these approaches without their disadvantages. Further improvement of these approaches to reduce the number of shortcomings and limitations of their application should be considered as the direction of further research.Наукове завдання, яка вирішується в дослідженні, є аналіз методів представлення знань в інтелектуальних системах підтримки прийняття рішень. Проблема пояснюється тим, що форма представлення знань істотно впливає на характеристики та властивості системи. Для того, щоб оперувати всілякими знаннями з реального світу за допомогою комп’ютера, необхідно здійснювати їхнє моделювання. У таких випадках необхідно відрізняти знання, призначені для обробки обчислювальними засобами, від знань, використовуваних людиною. Крім того, при великому обсязі знань бажано спростити послідовне керування окремими елементами знань. Однорідне представлення призводить до спрощення механізму управління логічним висновком та спрощення управління знаннями. Дослідження направлене на аналіз методів представлення знань в інтелектуальних системах підтримки прийняття рішень. Нині розроблено багато моделей представлення знань. До основних моделей відносяться: логічні моделі; фреймова модель; мережеві моделі (або семантичні мережі); продукційні моделі. Отже, об’єктом дослідження є інтелектуальні системи підтримки прийняття рішень. Предметом дослідження є інтелектуальні системи підтримки прийняття рішень. Встановлено наступне: – наведені в дослідженні методи (моделі, підходи) до представлення знань в інтелектуальних системах підтримки прийняття рішень в канонічному вигляді не доцільно використовувати по ряду об’єктивних причин, наведених в підрозділі 3.1 дослідження; – необхідно провести розробку нових (удосконалення існуючих) представлень знань в інтелектуальних системах підтримки прийняття рішень, які будуть мати переваги даних підходів без їх недоліків. Напрямком подальших досліджень слід вважати подальше удосконалення зазначених підходів для зменшення кількості недоліків і обмежень їх застосування

Manipulating Stereoselectivity of Parahydrogen Addition to Acetylene to Unravel Interconversion of Ethylene Nuclear Spin Isomers

Symmetric molecules exist as distinct nuclear spin isomers (NSIMs). A deeper understanding of their properties, including interconversion, requires efficient techniques for NSIMs enrichment. Selective hydrogenation of acetylene with parahydrogen (p-H2) was used to achieve the enrichment of ethylene NSIMs and to study their equilibration processes. The effect of stereoselectivity of H2 addition to acetylene on the imbalance of ethylene NSIMs was experimentally demonstrated by using different heterogeneous catalysts (an immobilized Ir complex and two supported Pd catalysts). The interconversion of NSIMs with time during ethylene storage was studied with NMR spectroscopy by reacting ethylene with bromine water which renders the p-H2-derived protons in the produced 2-bromoethan(2H)ol (BrEtOD) magnetically inequivalent, thereby revealing the non-equilibrium nuclear spin order of ethylene. A thorough analysis of the shape and transformation of the 1H NMR spectra of hyperpolarized BrEtOD allowed us to reveal the initial distribution of produced ethylene NSIMs and their equilibration processes. Comparison of the results obtained with different catalysts was key to properly attributing the derived characteristic time constants to different NSIMs interconversion processes: ~ 3-6 s for interconversion between NSIMs with the same inversion symmetry (i.e., within g or u manifolds) and ~ 1700-2200 s between NSIMs with different inversion symmetries

Safety and efficacy of eculizumab in anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive refractory generalised myasthenia gravis (REGAIN): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study

Background Complement is likely to have a role in refractory generalised myasthenia gravis, but no approved therapies specifically target this system. Results from a phase 2 study suggested that eculizumab, a terminal complement inhibitor, produced clinically meaningful improvements in patients with anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive refractory generalised myasthenia gravis. We further assessed the efficacy and safety of eculizumab in this patient population in a phase 3 trial. Methods We did a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study (REGAIN) in 76 hospitals and specialised clinics in 17 countries across North America, Latin America, Europe, and Asia. Eligible patients were aged at least 18 years, with a Myasthenia Gravis-Activities of Daily Living (MG-ADL) score of 6 or more, Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America (MGFA) class II\ue2\u80\u93IV disease, vaccination against Neisseria meningitides, and previous treatment with at least two immunosuppressive therapies or one immunosuppressive therapy and chronic intravenous immunoglobulin or plasma exchange for 12 months without symptom control. Patients with a history of thymoma or thymic neoplasms, thymectomy within 12 months before screening, or use of intravenous immunoglobulin or plasma exchange within 4 weeks before randomisation, or rituximab within 6 months before screening, were excluded. We randomly assigned participants (1:1) to either intravenous eculizumab or intravenous matched placebo for 26 weeks. Dosing for eculizumab was 900 mg on day 1 and at weeks 1, 2, and 3; 1200 mg at week 4; and 1200 mg given every second week thereafter as maintenance dosing. Randomisation was done centrally with an interactive voice or web-response system with patients stratified to one of four groups based on MGFA disease classification. Where possible, patients were maintained on existing myasthenia gravis therapies and rescue medication was allowed at the study physician's discretion. Patients, investigators, staff, and outcome assessors were masked to treatment assignment. The primary efficacy endpoint was the change from baseline to week 26 in MG-ADL total score measured by worst-rank ANCOVA. The efficacy population set was defined as all patients randomly assigned to treatment groups who received at least one dose of study drug, had a valid baseline MG-ADL assessment, and at least one post-baseline MG-ADL assessment. The safety analyses included all randomly assigned patients who received eculizumab or placebo. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01997229. Findings Between April 30, 2014, and Feb 19, 2016, we randomly assigned and treated 125 patients, 62 with eculizumab and 63 with placebo. The primary analysis showed no significant difference between eculizumab and placebo (least-squares mean rank 56\uc2\ub76 [SEM 4\uc2\ub75] vs 68\uc2\ub73 [4\uc2\ub75]; rank-based treatment difference \ue2\u88\u9211\uc2\ub77, 95% CI \ue2\u88\u9224\uc2\ub73 to 0\uc2\ub796; p=0\uc2\ub70698). No deaths or cases of meningococcal infection occurred during the study. The most common adverse events in both groups were headache and upper respiratory tract infection (ten [16%] for both events in the eculizumab group and 12 [19%] for both in the placebo group). Myasthenia gravis exacerbations were reported by six (10%) patients in the eculizumab group and 15 (24%) in the placebo group. Six (10%) patients in the eculizumab group and 12 (19%) in the placebo group required rescue therapy. Interpretation The change in the MG-ADL score was not statistically significant between eculizumab and placebo, as measured by the worst-rank analysis. Eculizumab was well tolerated. The use of a worst-rank analytical approach proved to be an important limitation of this study since the secondary and sensitivity analyses results were inconsistent with the primary endpoint result; further research into the role of complement is needed. Funding Alexion Pharmaceuticals