Iranian children with ADHD and mental health of their mothers: The role of stress

Background: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric disorder that can result in stress for the mother, resulting in poor health. Objectives: The current study, conducted in 2012, aims to assess stress among forty-six Iranian mothers of ADHD children (Group 1) who were admitted to a psychiatric center in Tehran with forty-six Iranian mothers of normal children (Group 2) in 2012. Materials and Methods: The Child Symptom Inventory-4 (CSI-4), the child behavior checklist (CBCL) and the parental stress indexshort form (PSI/SF) were completed. Data was analyzed using the Levene test and the independent t-test in SPSS Version 18. Results: With the exception of mood, ADHD children had more problems in attention compared with normal children. As a result, mothers of ADHD children had more stress compared with the controls. Conclusions: ADHD can impair a mother's mental health by inducing stress. Specific diagnostic and treatment programs should be designed and tailored for the mothers of ADHD children in order to decrease stress. © 2016, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences

Psychometric Properties of the Inventory of Statements about Self-Injury (ISAS) in Iranian Opioid and Alcohol Abusers

Background: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is one of the most dangerous behaviors linked to substance abuse. The Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury (ISAS) has been developed to better understanding the factors associated with the onset and maintenance of NSSI behaviors. Objective: The ISAS was translated into the Persian language to study its psychometric properties in Iranian population of opioid and alcohol abusers. Methods: This is a psychometric study investigating opioid and alcohol abusers in Iran, including those residing in addiction rehabilitation camps, prisons, hospitals, and addiction treatment clinics dispensing methadone in 2017. The sample size of this study was 470. The subjects completed the Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury, Barrat Impulsiveness Scale (BIS), and the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS). Results: The test-retest results were estimated for two weeks using the Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC). The absolute reliability was determined to be 2.62. There was a significant correlation between convergent and divergent instruments. The results of the exploratory factor analysis on 235 individuals in the sample showed all subscales of the inventory measure a single factor in the Iranian population. The total Cronbach�s alpha coefficient for this subscale was 0.93. Also, the results of confirmatory factor analyses on the rest of the sample (235), after applying the AMOS software suggestions to improve the model, showed this inventory was a good indicator for this population (�2 = 131.69; P < 0.001; df = 56; �2/df = 2.35; CFI = 0.97; RMSEA = 0.76; GFI = 0.92). Conclusions: The Persian version of the Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury has high validity and reliability among the opioid and alcohol-abusing population in Iran. Copyright © 2020, Author(s)

Molecular biology of the blood-brain and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers: similarities and differences

Efficient processing of information by the central nervous system (CNS) represents an important evolutionary advantage. Thus, homeostatic mechanisms have developed that provide appropriate circumstances for neuronal signaling, including a highly controlled and stable microenvironment. To provide such a milieu for neurons, extracellular fluids of the CNS are separated from the changeable environment of blood at three major interfaces: at the brain capillaries by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is localized at the level of the endothelial cells and separates brain interstitial fluid (ISF) from blood; at the epithelial layer of four choroid plexuses, the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier (BCSFB), which separates CSF from the CP ISF, and at the arachnoid barrier. The two barriers that represent the largest interface between blood and brain extracellular fluids, the BBB and the BCSFB, prevent the free paracellular diffusion of polar molecules by complex morphological features, including tight junctions (TJs) that interconnect the endothelial and epithelial cells, respectively. The first part of this review focuses on the molecular biology of TJs and adherens junctions in the brain capillary endothelial cells and in the CP epithelial cells. However, normal function of the CNS depends on a constant supply of essential molecules, like glucose and amino acids from the blood, exchange of electrolytes between brain extracellular fluids and blood, as well as on efficient removal of metabolic waste products and excess neurotransmitters from the brain ISF. Therefore, a number of specific transport proteins are expressed in brain capillary endothelial cells and CP epithelial cells that provide transport of nutrients and ions into the CNS and removal of waste products and ions from the CSF. The second part of this review concentrates on the molecular biology of various solute carrier (SLC) transport proteins at those two barriers and underlines differences in their expression between the two barriers. Also, many blood-borne molecules and xenobiotics can diffuse into brain ISF and then into neuronal membranes due to their physicochemical properties. Entry of these compounds could be detrimental for neural transmission and signalling. Thus, BBB and BCSFB express transport proteins that actively restrict entry of lipophilic and amphipathic substances from blood and/or remove those molecules from the brain extracellular fluids. The third part of this review concentrates on the molecular biology of ATP-binding cassette (ABC)-transporters and those SLC transporters that are involved in efflux transport of xenobiotics, their expression at the BBB and BCSFB and differences in expression in the two major blood-brain interfaces. In addition, transport and diffusion of ions by the BBB and CP epithelium are involved in the formation of fluid, the ISF and CSF, respectively, so the last part of this review discusses molecular biology of ion transporters/exchangers and ion channels in the brain endothelial and CP epithelial cells

A Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Aromatherapy Massage on Sleep in Children and Infants

Background: Sleep disturbances among child patients are a commonly reported problem. We aimed to review the effectiveness of aromatherapy on sleep disorders of children and infants. Materials and Methods: This review was conducted with a systematic search of electronic resources in English such as Medline (via PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE, with no time limit from inception up to February 2019; using the following keywords alone or in combination: (Aromatherapy OR Smell OR Olfactory OR Essential oil) AND (Sleep Disorders OR Sleep OR Sleep Paralysis OR Sleep Arousal Disorders) AND (Children OR Infant OR Baby OR Neonate OR Pediatric). Results: Four studies were included in the review. In the first study, a comparison of the nights with and without aromatherapy showed no significant difference regarding length of time the children were asleep, sleep onset time and number of interruptions during the night. In the second study, aromatherapy with Rosa damascena essential oil significantly improved sleep quality parameters in children except with daytime sleeping (p=0.059). In the third study, a significant decrease was observed in the sleep quality score in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in aromatherapy with oil of orange than in the controls (p<0.05). In the fourth study, the infants in the Lavender bath oil group spend more time in deep sleep and less time crying prior to sleep onset than in the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Aromatherapy with Lavender and Rosa damascena essential oil and orange oil can improve group sleep quality, deep sleep and time crying prior to sleep onset. However, it was not effectiveregarding sleep disorder in children with autism

Psychometric properties of Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS): A systematic review and meta-analysis Zorunlu İnternet Kullanim �lçe�inin (CIUS) psikometrik özellikleri: Sistematik bir inceleme ve meta-analiz çalı�ması

Objective: This article performs a systemic review of psychometric properties and factor structure of the Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS), the scale for assessing Internet addiction behavior in clinics and research fields. Method: Studies measuring psychometric properties and factor structure of CIUS (original version) were searched through MEDLINE in PubMed, SCOPUS, Pub Psych, google scholar and SID & Iran medex (Iranian database). A total of 18 studies (24 samples) including 44,198subjects were reviewed in our study. Results: Based on meta-analysis for internal consistency, the pooled Cronbach�s alpha coefficient from all study was 0.47(95percent confidence interval CI, 0.46-0.49). Based on meta-analysis for internal consistency adolescence subgroup was 0.48 (95percent confidence interval CI, 0.45�0.51), and addicted to behavior addiction subgroup was 0.48 (95 percent CI, 0.44�0.51), in general population subgroup was 0.47(95percent confidence interval CI, 0.42-0.53), in university student subgroup was 0.47(95percent confidence interval CI, 0.43-0.51), in internet user was 0.45(95percent confidence interval CI, 0.43-0.47), by cultural of country for collectivistic society was 0.49(95percent confidence interval CI, 0.46-0.52), and individualistic societies was 0.46 (95 percent confidence interval CI, 0.44-0.47) and based quality assessment subgroup for study was 0.47(95percent confidence interval CI, 0.46-0.49). Discussion: Future studies should be conducted on the multiethnic population and cross-cultural designee. Future studies should be developed and reported based on the COSMIN checklist. © 2020 ANP Publishing. All rights reserved

Psychometric Properties of the Pornography Craving Questionnaire (PCQ) in Iran

Objectives: Addiction to pornography is one of the most important behavioral addictions among Iranian youth. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a measurement scale of �cravings for pornography� Iran. Methods: This Psychometric study was conducted on a 234 general Iranian population sample in 2017 with a random sampling method. In this study, the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Pornography Craving Questionnaire were evaluated. Data were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis using SPSS version 23. The questionnaire was administered online (Telegram application and email). Results: The age range of 234 study participants was 13 to 51 years (mean = 29.7); 97 females (41.5) and 135 males (57.7). To determine this questionnaire�s cut-off value, we divided into three categories of low or no craving (12 - 36), average (36 - 60), and high (60 - 84). The result of exploratory factor analysis for these questions identified two factors (Psychological reactions and Desire). Cronbach�s alpha was 0.8. Conclusions: According to the results of this study, the Persian version of the �the pornography craving questionnaire� has sufficient reliability and validity in Iranian society. Copyright © 2020, Author(s)