Diabetes in the Netherlands

This report describes the current diabetes situation in the Netherlands and future developments in the absence of policy changes. In 2003, over 600.000 people in the Netherlands were suffering from diabetes. Especially due to ageing of the population and the growing number of overweight people, the number of people with diabetes is estimated to have doubled by the year 2025. At least five million Dutch people are overweight and/or do not engage in physical activity, with a consequent increased risk of diabetes. In addition, some 900.000 persons of 60 years and older have pre-stage diabetes (Impaired Glucose Tolerance) and another 115.000 to 300.000 persons are even unaware that they have diabetes. Diabetes is a serious chronic disease. At minimum 40 to 56 percent of the people with diabetes experience at least one chronic complication, such as cardiovascular diseases, eye-anomalies and kidney disease. The risk of complications is higher for people with a longer history of the disease and for diabetics with high blood glucose levels, high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels. Prevention and health care interventions may lower the risk of diabetes and its complications. Such interventions include promoting a healthy lifestyle among high-risk populations, early detection and treatment of high-risk people and of people who are unaware they have diabetes, and improving diabetes care. The Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport is currently developing a National Diabetes Action Program. To underpin this program, RIVM will estimate the program's effect on the future number of people suffering from diabetes and its complications. This report presents data on the current situation of diabetes in the Netherlands that will allow such estimates to be made.Dit rapport beschrijft de huidige situatie rondom diabetes in Nederland en de toekomstige situatie bij ongewijzigd beleid. In 2003 hadden ruim 600.000 Nederlanders diabetes, een ernstige chronische ziekte. Vooral door de vergrijzing en het toenemende aantal mensen met overgewicht kan het aantal mensen met diabetes in 2025 verdubbelen. Minimaal vijf miljoen Nederlanders hebben overgewicht en/of zijn lichamelijk inactief, waardoor zij een verhoogd risico op diabetes hebben. Daarnaast zijn er 900.000 mensen van 60 jaar en ouder die een voorstadium van diabetes hebben (Impaired Glucose Tolerance) en 115.000 tot 300.000 mensen weten niet dat ze diabetes hebben. Diabetes is een ernstige chronische ziekte. Minimaal 40 tot 56 procent van de mensen met diabetes heeft last van een of meerdere chronische complicaties van diabetes, zoals hart- en vaatziekten, oogafwijkingen en nieraandoeningen. De kans op deze complicaties stijgt naarmate mensen de ziekte langer hebben en als gevolg van hoge bloedsuikerwaarden, een te hoge bloeddruk en een te hoog cholesterolgehalte. Preventie- en zorgactiviteiten kunnen het risico op diabetes en op de complicaties ervan verminderen. Dit kan door een gezonde leefstijl te bevorderen bij mensen met een verhoogd risico op diabetes; door vroege opsporing en behandeling te stimuleren van mensen met een verhoogd risico of met ongediagnosticeerde diabetes; en door goede (keten) zorg te bevorderen voor mensen met diabetes. Het ministerie van VWS ontwikkelt momenteel een Nationaal Diabetes Actieprogramma. Het RIVM berekent of en in welke mate de activiteiten uit dit programma effect hebben op het aantal mensen met diabetes en de complicaties ervan. Hiervoor zijn gegevens nodig over de huidige situatie rondom diabetes in Nederland, die in dit rapport beschreven zijn

The effectiveness of disease management programmes: a review of the literature

Onderzoek toont aan dat disease-managementprogramma's een positief effect hebben op de behandeling van chronisch zieken. In deze programma's wordt de zorg door verschillende behandelaars en instellingen beter op elkaar afgestemd. De zorg rond chronisch zieken is gefragmenteerd waardoor het risico bestaat dat chronisch zieken geen optimale zorg krijgen. Om de zorg voor chronisch zieken te optimaliseren en de groeiende zorglast door de vergrijzing het hoofd te kunnen bieden, zijn maatregelen nodig om de kwaliteit van de zorg voor chronisch zieken te verbeteren. Disease-managementprogramma's kunnen hieraan bijdragen. Op basis van een inventarisatie van de internationale literatuur is onderzocht wat het effect is van disease-managementinitiatieven voor chronisch zieken in het algemeen en voor de specifieke ziekten COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease), chronisch hartfalen, depressie en diabetes. Hierbij is onderzocht wat het effect is van deze programma's op de ernst van de ziekte, sterfte, kwaliteit van leven, de zorgverlening en de tevredenheid van patienten. Tussen de verschillende studies is veel variatie in de activiteiten die in het kader van disease- managementprogramma's worden uitgevoerd. Disease-managementinitiatieven met meerdere activiteiten lijken effectiever dan initiatieven met slechts een activiteit. Daarnaast blijken multidisciplinaire teams, preventie, en medicatievoorschriften door casemanagers regelmatig deel uit te maken van effectieve initiatieven. Hoewel de variatie in de onderzochte studies groot was, concluderen we dat disease-managementprogramma's in het algemeen een positief effect kunnen hebben voor chronisch zieken.Studies have shown that disease management programmes have a positive effect on the treatment of chronically ill patients. In these programmes, health care by different professionals and in different institutions is better tuned and coordinated. Health care for chronically ill patients is fragmented into different care episodes, which increases the risk of sub-optimal care. To optimize the health care for the chronically ill, disease management programmes have been used to improve the coordination of care delivery. In this study we included scientific publications on the effect of disease management in chronically ill patients in general, and in specific chronic conditions: COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease), congestive heart failure, depression and diabetes. We studied the effectiveness of disease management on severity of the disease, mortality, quality of life, care processes and patient satisfaction. Activities within the disease management programmes varied considerably among the included studies. Disease management programmes with several activities tend to be more effective compared to programmes with a focus on a single activity. Effective programmes often comprised the use of multidisciplinary teams, activities on prevention, and medication prescription by case managers. Although the variety among the disease management programmes was substantial, we conclude that disease management programmes in general can contribute to better care for the chronically ill.VW

Ethnic differences in diabetes, cardiovascular risk factors and health care: the Amsterdam Health Survey of 2004

The prevalence of diabetes in inhabitants of Amsterdam (18 years and older) is 4%. The prevalence of diabetes is three times higher among Turkish people and four times higher among Moroccans in comparison to Dutch people. Turkish diabetes patients have a higher mean body mass index compared to Dutch diabetes patients, but Turkish and Moroccan diabetes patients are admitted to hospital less often than Dutch diabetes patients. It is important for policy makers to know the differences in disease prevalence and health care use between ethnic groups, considering the expected rise in the proportion of immigrants. These results formed contributions to this report that was brought out by the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment and in cooperation with the Amsterdam Health Monitor of the Amsterdam Health Service. Forty-three percent of the 4042 invited Amsterdam inhabitants participated in the study in 2004. Ethnic differences in health and health care use were analyzed for the age group of 18-70 years, standardized for age and gender. Turkish and Moroccan people without diabetes differed from Dutch people without diabetes on many counts. For example, Turkish and Moroccan people were more often overweight and had higher mean blood glucose levels. They visited their general practitioners more often and experienced their own health as being moderate or poor on a more frequent basis. Turkish people without diabetes experienced more serious cardiac problems than Dutch people. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in diabetes patients was high among all ethnic groups. In general, cardiovascular risk factors were more frequent in Turkish diabetes patients, and to a lesser extent in Moroccan diabetes patients, compared to Dutch diabetes patients. Treatment of cardiovascular risk factors in diabetes patients is important for the prevention of or delay in cardiovascular complications.De prevalentie van diabetes bij inwoners van Amsterdam (18 jaar en ouder) wordt geschat op vier procent. Turken en Marokkanen hebben respectievelijk driemaal en viermaal vaker diabetes vergeleken met Nederlanders. Turkse diabeten zijn gemiddeld zwaarder dan Nederlandse diabeten. Turkse en Marokkaanse diabeten worden echter minder vaak opgenomen in een ziekenhuis dan Nederlandse diabeten. Een beschrijving van etniciteitverschillen in het voorkomen van ziekten en zorggebruik is van belang voor het beleid omdat immigranten een steeds groter deel van de bevolking zullen gaan uitmaken. De Amsterdamse Gezondheidsmonitor 2004 is uitgevoerd door de GGD Amsterdam in samenwerking met het RIVM. Drieenveertig procent van 4042 uitgenodigde Amsterdammers (18 jaar en ouder) heeft aan het onderzoek meegedaan. Etnische verschillen in gezondheid en zorg werden geanalyseerd voor de leeftijd 18-70 jaar, gestandaardiseerd naar leeftijd en geslacht. Turken en Marokkanen zonder diabetes verschilden op bijna alle uitkomsten van Nederlanders zonder diabetes. Turken en Marokkanen waren bijvoorbeeld gemiddeld zwaarder dan Nederlanders en zij hadden hogere gemiddelde bloedglucosewaarden. Zij gingen vaker naar de huisarts en waren minder tevreden over de eigen gezondheid. Acht procent van de Turken zonder diabetes heeft ooit een ernstige hartaandoening gehad, dit is bijna viermaal zo vaak als bij Nederlanders zonder diabetes. Risicofactoren voor hart- en vaatziekten kwamen veel voor bij diabeten uit alle etnische groepen. Turkse diabeten, en in mindere mate Marokkaanse diabeten, hadden over het algemeen een ongunstiger risicoprofiel dan Nederlandse diabeten. Behandeling van het risicoprofiel van diabetespatienten is belangrijk om het optreden van complicaties te voorkomen of uit te stellen

Landelijke monitor populatiemanagement : Deel 1: beschrijving proeftuinen

In Nederland zijn verschillende initiatieven gestart om zorg en ondersteuning op regionaal niveau anders vorm te geven. Deze regionale populatiegerichte aanpak wordt ook wel populatiemanagement genoemd. Doel van de initiatieven is de gezondheid van de populatie en de kwaliteit van de zorg te verbeteren en de kosten van de zorg te beheersen. Het ministerie van VWS heeft op voordracht van de zorgverzekeraars negen van deze regionale initiatieven geselecteerd als 'proeftuinen'. Het RIVM volgt deze proeftuinen om beter zicht te krijgen op het implementatieproces, op de succes- en faalfactoren en op het effect van de initiatieven op de gezondheid van de populatie en de kwaliteit en kosten van de zorg. Op dit moment zijn de proeftuinen sterk in ontwikkeling. Begin 2014 vormen de proeftuinen netwerken, vastgelegd in convenanten of samenwerkingsovereenkomsten. In de proeftuinen nemen veelal eerstelijnszorgorganisaties, ziekenhuizen en zorgverzekeraars deel, in variërende mate aangevuld met andere actoren zoals de gemeente. De populaties van de proeftuinen zijn op verschillende manieren afgebakend: geografisch (alle inwoners van een of meerdere gemeenten), op basis van het verzorgingsgebied van de betrokken huisartsen of zorggroepen, en ten slotte wordt nog onderscheid gemaakt tussen wel of niet verzekerd zijn bij de betrokken zorgverzekeraar. Iedere proeftuin heeft verschillende programma's (thema's) en een bijbehorende set interventies opgesteld. De scope van de programma's is breed en varieert tussen de proeftuinen. De interventies richten zich vaak op thema's als substitutie van zorg (verschuiving van zorg van tweede lijn naar eerste lijn), integratie van zorg (eventueel met welzijn) en preventie. In eerste instantie worden de interventies vooral toegepast op chronische zorg, medicatiegebruik en zorg rondom ontslag. De proeftuinen richten zich grotendeels nog op de eerste- en tweedelijnszorg. Wel is er de ambitie om dit gaandeweg uit te breiden met interventies in andere domeinen, zoals GGZ en jeugdzorg. De projectplannen van de proeftuinen zijn de afgelopen maanden verder uitgewerkt en de eerste interventies worden vanaf 2014 getest en/of geïmplementeerd. Nog niet voor alle geplande interventies is (structurele) financiering verworven. Vooralsnog zijn er tussen de deelnemende zorgaanbieder(s) en zorgverzekeraars in de proeftuinen geen definitieve afspraken gemaakt over uitkomstbekostiging en shared savings. Er zijn op dit gebied wel (voorzichtige) ontwikkelingen gaande, maar het is nog onduidelijk welke vorm dit gaat krijgen.In the Netherlands, several initiatives have emerged that aim to rearrange health services and promote intersectoral collaboration at regional level. These initiatives focus on the health needs of a specified population, resembling the ideas of population (health) management. The main goal is to improve population health and quality of care and to control health care costs. The Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport designated nine of these initiatives as 'pioneer sites'. In the coming years, the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) will monitor these sites in order to get insight into the implementation process, the determinants of successful population management in the Dutch context, and the impact of the initiatives in terms of population health, quality of care and health spending. Currently, the nine pioneer sites are under development. Early 2014, they represent organizational networks including different types of organizations. Agreements were signed to confirm the intended cooperation within the network. All pioneer sites contain primary care organizations, hospitals and a health insurer. Other stakeholders or care providers in the health system, such as local governments, participate to varying degrees. Each pioneer site identified its target population in one of the following ways: geographically (including all citizens living in one or more municipalities); based on the catchment area of specific care providers; or enrollment in a health insurance program. Each pioneer site defined a set of programs or themes with accompanying interventions to achieve its goals. The scope of these programs is rather broad and varies between the sites. Often, interventions focus on intermediate goals such as substitution of care (from secondary to primary care), integration of services (possibly including welfare) and improved preventive care. At the start, most interventions concern chronic care, the use of medicines and the organization of care around hospital discharge. The pioneer sites aim to include other domains in the future, such as mental health care and youth care. In the past months, the pioneer sites have elaborated their project plans. Most interventions will be tested and/or implemented from 2014 onwards. More detailed financing arrangements will be made at the intervention level and at the level of the entire site. As yet, there are no definitive contracts between the health insurers and providers of care that are involved in the sites. Forthcoming contracts may include arrangements with respect to pay for performance or shared savings, but this will become clearer in the near future.Ministerie van VW

What’s in a Realist Configuration? Deciding Which Causal Configurations to Use, How, and Why

Background: Realist studies represent an increasingly popular approach for exploring complex interventions’ successes and failures. The theory-driven approach seeks to explain “what works, how, why, in which contexts, for whom, and to what extent” using context–mechanism–outcome (CMO) configurations. When the approach was first developed, CMO configurations were the method for expressing causal explanations. Increasingly, realist studies have been conducted using different variations of the heuristic such as strategy–context–mechanism–outcome (SCMO) configurations or intervention–context–actor–mechanism–outcome (ICAMO) configurations. Researchers have highlighted a lack of methodological guidance regarding which additional explanatory factors can be included in configurations (e.g., strategies, interventions, actors). This article aims to clarify and further develop the concept of configurations by discussing how explanatory factors could be robustly added to the original CMO configuration as put forward by Pawson and Tilley. Comparing the use of different types of configurations: We draw on two of our own studies, one which formulated CMO configurations and one which formulated SCMO configurations, and on an evidence scan of realist studies. We explored the effects these different configurations had on studies’ findings and highlight why researchers chose CMOs or SCMOs. Finally, we provide recommendations regarding the use of configurations. These are as follows: Using additional explanatory factors is possible but consider the research scope to select the configuration appropriate for the study; Be transparent about the choice in configuration and include examples of configurations; Further studies about the use of additional explanatory factors are needed to better understand the effects on each step in the realist evaluation cycle; and New ways of disseminating realist findings are needed to balance transparency regarding the use of configurations. Conclusions: Adding explanatory factors is possible and can be insightful depending on the study’s scope and aims; however, any configuration type must adhere to the rule of generative causation

Prevalence of macrovascular disease amongst type 2 diabetic patients detected by targeted screening and patients newly diagnosed in general practice: the Hoorn Screening Study

Prevalence of macrovascular disease amongst type 2 diabetic patients detected by targeted screening and patients newly diagnosed in general practice: the Hoorn Screening Study. Spijkerman AM, Henry RM, Dekker JM, Nijpels G, Kostense PJ, Kors JA, Ruwaard D, Stehouwer CD, Bouter LM, Heine RJ. Institutes for Research in Extramural Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. [email protected] OBJECTIVES: Screening for type 2 diabetes has been recommended and targeted screening might be an efficient way to screen. The aim was to investigate whether diabetic patients identified by a targeted screening procedure differ from newly diagnosed diabetic patients in general practice with regard to the prevalence of macrovascular complications. DESIGN: Cross-sectional population-based study. SETTING: Population study, primary care. SUBJECTS: Diabetic patients identified by a population-based targeted screening procedure (SDM patients), consisting of a screening questionnaire and a fasting capillary glucose measurement followed by diagnostic testing, were compared with newly diagnosed diabetic patients in general practice (GPDM patients). Ischaemic heart disease and prior myocardial infarction were assessed by ECG recording. Peripheral arterial disease was assessed by the ankle-arm index. Intima-media thickness of the right common carotid artery was measured with ultrasound. RESULTS: A total of 195 SDM patients and 60 GPDM patients participated in the medical examination. The prevalence of MI was 13.3% (95% CI 9.3-18.8%) and 3.4% (1.0-11.7%) in SDM patients and GPDM patients respectively. The prevalence of ischaemic heart disease was 39.5% (95% CI 32.9-46.5%) in SDM patients and 24.1% (15.0-36.5%) in GPDM patients. The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease was similar in both groups: 10.6% (95% CI 6.9-15.9%) and 10.2% (4.7-20.5%) respectively. Mean intima-media thickness was 0.85 mm (+/-0.17) in SDM patients and 0.90 mm (+/-0.20) in GPDM patients. The difference in intima-media thickness was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Targeted screening identified patients with a prevalence of macrovascular complications similar to that of patients detected in general practice, but with a lower degree of hyperglycaemi

Age-period-cohort modelling of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma incidence in a French region: a period effect compatible with an environmental exposure

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) has risen steadily during the last few decades in all geographic regions covered by cancer registration for reasons that remain unknown. The aims of this study were to assess the relative contributions of age, period and cohort effects to NHL incidence patterns and therefore to provide clues to explain the increasing incidence.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Population and NHL incidence data were provided for the Doubs region (France) during the 1980-2005 period. NHL counts and person-years were tabulated into one-year classes by age (from 20 to 89) and calendar time period. Age-period-cohort models with parametric smooth functions (natural splines) were fitted to the data by assuming a Poisson distribution for the observed number of NHL cases.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The age-standardised incidence rate increased from 4.7 in 1980 to 11.9 per 100,000 person-years at risk in 1992 (corresponding to a 2.5-fold increase) and stabilised afterwards (11.1 per 100,000 in 2005). Age effects showed a steadily increasing slope up to the age of 80 and levelled off for older ages. Large period curvature effects, both adjusted for cohort effects and non-adjusted (p < 10^-4and p < 10^-5, respectively), showed departure from linear periodic trends; period effects jumped markedly in 1983 and stabilised in 1992 after a 2.4-fold increase (compared to the 1980 period). In both the age-period-cohort model and the age-cohort model, cohort curvature effects were not statistically significant (p = 0.46 and p = 0.08, respectively).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The increased NHL incidence in the Doubs region is mostly dependent on factors associated with age and calendar periods instead of cohorts. We found evidence for a levelling off in both incidence rates and period effects beginning in 1992. It is unlikely that the changes in classification (which occurred after 1995) and the improvements of diagnostic accuracy could largely account for the 1983-1992 period-effect increase, giving way to an increased exposure to widely distributed risk factors including persistent organic pollutants and pesticides. Continued NHL incidence and careful analysis of period effects are of utmost importance to elucidate the enigmatic epidemiology of NHL.</p

Impact of the population at risk of diabetes on projections of diabetes burden in the United States: an epidemic on the way

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The aim of this study was to make projections of the future diabetes burden for the adult US population based in part on the prevalence of individuals at high risk of developing diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Models were created from data in the nationally representative National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) II mortality survey (1976–1992), the NHANES III (1988–1994) and the NHANES 1999–2002. Population models for adults (>20 years of age) from NHANES III data were fitted to known diabetes prevalence in the NHANES 1999–2002 before making future projections. We used a multivariable diabetes risk score to estimate the likelihood of diabetes incidence in 10 years. Estimates of future diabetes (diagnosed and undiagnosed) prevalence in 2011, 2021, and 2031 were made under several assumptions. RESULTS: Based on the multivariable diabetes risk score, the number of adults at high risk of diabetes was 38.4 million in 1991 and 49.9 million in 2001. The total diabetes burden is anticipated to be 11.5% (25.4 million) in 2011, 13.5% (32.6 million) in 2021, and 14.5% (37.7 million) in 2031. Among individuals aged 30 to 39 years old who are not currently targeted for screening according to age, the prevalence of diabetes is expected to rise from 3.7% in 2001 to 5.2% in 2031. By 2031, 20.2% of adult Hispanic individuals are expected to have diabetes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: The prevalence of diabetes is projected to rise to substantially greater levels than previously estimated. Diabetes prevalence within the Hispanic community is projected to be potentially overwhelming. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-006-0528-5 and is accessible to authorized users