Assessing average annual air temperature trends using the Mann–Kendall test in Kosovo

The annual trends of surface mean monthly air temperature and monthly extreme temperatures were analyzed from ten meteorological stations in Kosovo. The data refer to observation periods between 1949 and 1999 for four stations, and observation periods between 1965 and 1999 for the remaining six stations. Trends were analyzed for nine time series. Positive trends were found in six series, and negative trends were found in three series. After an assessment of these trends using the Mann–Kendall test, positive trends were confirmed in four series, a negative trend was confirmed in one series, and in one series there was no trend, whereas trends were characterized as slightly positive in two time series and slightly negative in one series

Assessing average annual air temperature trends using the Mann-Kendall test in Kosovo

The annual trends of surface mean monthly air temperature and monthly extreme temperatures were analyzed from ten meteorological stations in Kosovo. The data refer to observation periods between 1949 and 1999 for four stations, and observation periods between 1965 and 1999 for the remaining six stations. Trends were analyzed for nine time series. Positive trends were found in six series, and negative trends were found in three series. After an assessment of these trends using the Mann-Kendall test, positive trends were confirmed in four series, a negative trend was confirmed in one series, and in one series there was no trend, whereas trends were characterized as slightly positive in two time series and slightly negative in one series

Spatial analysis of air temperature and its impact on the sustainable development of mountain tourism in Central and Western Serbia

Empirical studies of the late twentieth and early twenty-first century indicate the existence of a growth trend in air temperature. This trend is particularly pronounced in the region of Southern Europe, including the Republic of Serbia. Many problems occur in the socio-economic areas due to global warming, which directly influences the development of tourism. In this study, we will deal with the influence of climate change on the sustainable development of mountain tourism in the area of the western and central Serbia tourist zones, which includes Starovlaška and Kopaonik mountain chain. The data on changes in the temperature of air will be gathered at six different altitude meteorological stations, for the period from 1990 to 2014. All weather stations in the studied area were classified into three groups: lowland, middle and high mountain. In order to obtain trends, three sets of data were used: the average monthly temperature, the maximum monthly temperature, and the monthly minimum temperature, recorded in each station. The seasonal classification has been conducted based on four seasons: spring,m summer, autumn, and winter. Three statistical approaches were used to analyze the temperature trends in 15 time series, for each group of stations individually. First, the trend equation was calculated for each time series, then, completely separate from the first approach, all trends were assessed using the Mann-Kendall test, and in the end, in all cases, the trend magnitude was calculated based on the trend equation. The results show that there is a significant positive trend of temperature rise on an annual basis, while the trend is significantly positive during the fall and spring seasons. In winter, the trend is slightly positive or absent, while in the summer trend is moderately positive in all three groups of stations

Spatiotemporal variability of air temperatures in Central Serbia from 1949 to 2018

The paper presents trends for three categories of variables: average annual, average maximum and average minimum air temperatures. Data was provided by the meteorological yearbooks of the Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia. The main goal of this paper is to detect possible temperature trends in Central Serbia. The trend equation, trend magnitude, and Mann-Kendall non-parametric test were used in the analysis of climate parameters. The used statistical methods were supplemented by GIS numerical analysis, which aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of isotherms from 1949 to 2018. The obtained results indicate that out of the 72 analyzed time series, an increase in air temperature is dominant in 61 time series, while 11 time series show no changes. The highest increase was recorded in the average maximum time series (4.2 °C), followed by an increase of 3.5°C in average maximum air temperatures. The highest increase in the average annual time-series was 3.0 °C. The lowest increases in air temperature were recorded in the average minimum time series (0.1 and 0.2 °C). In two average minimum time series a decrease in average air temperatures was identified (-0.6 and -0.4 °C. The application of GIS tools indicates the existence of interregional differences in the arrangement of isotherms, leaded by the orography of the terrain. In the spatial distribution of the analyzed variables, "poles of heat" and "poles of cold" stand out, and the influence of the urban heat island is evident (especially in the case of the urban agglomeration of Belgrade). The manifested spatial patterns of air temperature need to be further examined and the correlation with possible causes need to be determined. For these reasons, the paper provides a solid basis for studying the climate of this area in the future, as it provides insight into climate dynamics over the past decades

Estimation of drug-likeness properties of selected disubstituted pyrrolidine-2,5-dione derivatives

Succinimide (pyrrolidine-2,5-dione) derivatives are organic compounds with a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities. Analogs of this cyclic ureide are well-known anticonvulsants (ethosuccinimide, metosuccinimide and fensuccinimide), antipsychotics, and sedatives, anticancer and antiviral agents. In this paper, using a modified microwave procedure, two succinimide derivatives were synthetized and completely structurally characterized by melting point, as well as FT-IR/ATR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and elemental analysis. The impact of chemical structure on the pharmacological potential of succinimide derivatives was evaluated using the pioneering "rule of five", Veber, Egan, and Ghose’s empirical criteria, as well as using different in silico methods. Obtained values of molecular descriptors were compared with the characteristic values for reference drugs such as methosuccinimide and ethosuccinimide. Calculated molecular descriptors suggest that the investigated compounds fulfill necessary empirical criteria which qualify them as interesting drug candidates. The obtained descriptors indicate a high degree of gastrointestinal absorption (98%) of the synthesized succinimide derivatives. They are expected to successfully pass through the blood-brain barrier due to the adequate lipophilicity. Also, depending on the electronic characteristics of the substituents attached to the phenyl core, the studied compounds can act as activators or inhibitors of different cytochrome P450 isoenzymes

The analysis of annual and seasonal surface air temperature trends of southern and southeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1961 to 2017

In some areas of the world, regional climate change is in good agreement with global climate change. This study brings new information about what defines climate change in the contact area of Adriatic Sea and Southeastern Europe, and conclusions are based on trend analysis of annual and seasonal temperatures in the southern and southeastern parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Trend analysis was applied on mean annual surface air temperatures, mean maximum temperatures, and mean minimum temperatures of all four seasons. This study used 4 meteorological stations: Livno, Bileća, Mostar, and Ivan Sedlo for 56 years. The main statistical method is the Mann-Kendall test. The total number of analysis is 48. A statistically significant positive trend was determined in 36 analysis, while in the rest of the tests this was not the case. The highest amount of temperature increase is present in the mean maximum summer air temperatures in Livno and Ivan Sedlo. Mean minimum autumn air temperatures had the smallest increase. Negative trend is present in the mean autumn surface air temperatures and mean maximum autumn temperatures. Using a geographical information system resulted in visualizing regional differences in the spatial distribution of isotherms. The study area has combined the influence of orography and maritime effects of the Adriatic Sea. Having in mind these results, the growing temperature has been recognized as a problem which needs more attention in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Unfortunately, official documents which propose economic adaptation on climate change in this country are not at a satisfactory level

Assessing average annual air temperature trends using the Mann–Kendall test in Kosovo

The annual trends of surface mean monthly air temperature and monthly extreme temperatures were analyzed from ten meteorological stations in Kosovo. The data refer to observation periods between 1949 and 1999 for four stations, and observation periods between 1965 and 1999 for the remaining six stations. Trends were analyzed for nine time series. Positive trends were found in six series, and negative trends were found in three series. After an assessment of these trends using the Mann–Kendall test, positive trends were confirmed in four series, a negative trend was confirmed in one series, and in one series there was no trend, whereas trends were characterized as slightly positive in two time series and slightly negative in one series

Long Term Monitoring and Connection between Topography and Cloud Cover Distribution in Serbia

The use of weather satellite recordings has been growing rapidly over the last three decades. Determining the patterns between meteorological and topographical features is an important scientific job. Cloud cover analysis and properties can be of the utmost significance for potential cloud seeding. Here, the analysis of the cloud properties was conducted by means of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite recordings. The resolution of used data was 1 km2 within the period of 30 years (1989–2019). This research showed moderate changing of cloudiness in the territory of Serbia with a high cloudiness in February, followed by cloudiness in January and November. For the past three decades, May has been the month with the highest cloudiness. The regions in the east and south-west, and particularly in the west, have a high absolute cloudiness, which is connected with the high elevation of the country. By means of long term monitoring, the whole territory of Serbia was analyzed for the first time, in terms of cloudiness. Apart from the statistical and numerical results obtained, this research showed a connection between relief and clouds, especially in the winter season. Linear regression MK (Mann-Kendall test) has proven this theory right, connecting high elevation sides with high absolute cloudiness through the year