Increasing Seed Viability of Maize Haploid Inducing Lines by Genetic and Non-Genetic Approaches

Some haploid inducing lines used in the production of maize doubled haploids (DHs), express germination problems and reduced vigor. In this study, haploid inducing lines RWS, RWK-76 and their reciprocal hybrids RWS/RWK-76 and RWK-76/RWS were examined for viability by Tetrazolium (TZ) and germination ability by standard germination tests. Evaluation based on TZ tests showed that 59% of the seed of RWK-76/RWS were not viable, compared with only 12% dead seed in RWS/RWK-76. Similarly, the percentage and speed of germination in RWK- 76/RWS (25%, 1.53) was lower than for RWS/RWK-76 (74%, 4.30). In an effort to develop a quick method for assessing seed viability in these lines, the TZ test was repeated in a different way. Seed from each genotype was placed in beakers containing distilled water.Seed would either float or sink. Subsequent TZ testing confirmed that seed that floated was dead, and seed that sank was alive, although some of them had defective embryos. The dead seed in both genotypes failed to develop an embryo, leaving an empty cavity that would fill with air and cause seed to float on water. This feature can be exploited for a simple and practical method to separate living from dead seed. In addition, we surveyed theig1 (indeterminate gametophyte) gene as a candidate for germination problems in inducer lines.Sequencing data from theig1 region showed that RWS and RWK-76 differed in one nucleotide and amino acidin the firstexon of ig1.Segregation of ig1 alleles from RWS and RWK-76 wassignificantly (P=0.01) distortedin the respectiveF2 population relative to the expected Mendelian segregation ratio (1:2:1). Thus, either ig1 or a linked gene in the ig1 region affect seed viability

Physics, Topology, Logic and Computation: A Rosetta Stone

In physics, Feynman diagrams are used to reason about quantum processes. In the 1980s, it became clear that underlying these diagrams is a powerful analogy between quantum physics and topology: namely, a linear operator behaves very much like a "cobordism". Similar diagrams can be used to reason about logic, where they represent proofs, and computation, where they represent programs. With the rise of interest in quantum cryptography and quantum computation, it became clear that there is extensive network of analogies between physics, topology, logic and computation. In this expository paper, we make some of these analogies precise using the concept of "closed symmetric monoidal category". We assume no prior knowledge of category theory, proof theory or computer science.Comment: 73 pages, 8 encapsulated postscript figure

Making things happen : a model of proactive motivation

Being proactive is about making things happen, anticipating and preventing problems, and seizing opportunities. It involves self-initiated efforts to bring about change in the work environment and/or oneself to achieve a different future. The authors develop existing perspectives on this topic by identifying proactivity as a goal-driven process involving both the setting of a proactive goal (proactive goal generation) and striving to achieve that proactive goal (proactive goal striving). The authors identify a range of proactive goals that individuals can pursue in organizations. These vary on two dimensions: the future they aim to bring about (achieving a better personal fit within one’s work environment, improving the organization’s internal functioning, or enhancing the organization’s strategic fit with its environment) and whether the self or situation is being changed. The authors then identify “can do,” “reason to,” and “energized to” motivational states that prompt proactive goal generation and sustain goal striving. Can do motivation arises from perceptions of self-efficacy, control, and (low) cost. Reason to motivation relates to why someone is proactive, including reasons flowing from intrinsic, integrated, and identified motivation. Energized to motivation refers to activated positive affective states that prompt proactive goal processes. The authors suggest more distal antecedents, including individual differences (e.g., personality, values, knowledge and ability) as well as contextual variations in leadership, work design, and interpersonal climate, that influence the proactive motivational states and thereby boost or inhibit proactive goal processes. Finally, the authors summarize priorities for future researc

Tolerância do tamanho da semente de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) ao metribuzin Tolerance of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) merr.) seeds of different sizes to metribuzin

Este experimento foi instalado em casa-de-vegetação com o objetivo de avaliar a tolerância de três tamanhos de sementes de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), cv. UFV-1 classificadas nas peneiras de 10/64" x 3/4", 13/64" x 3/4" e 15/64 x 3/4", a diferentes doses de metribuzin (4-amino-6-tertbutil-3-(metiltio-as-triazina-5(4H) ona ). As doses de 0, 300, 600, 900 e 1.200g do i.a./ha foram aplicadas nos materiais do solo de Ponta Nova-MG classificado como franco-argilo-arenoso, e as doses de 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 e 600g do i.a./ha em areia lavada. Nos materiais de solo de Ponte Nova, a inibição de 50% do crescimento (I50) das plantas de soja correspondeu à aplicação de 600, 1050 e 1150 g/ha de metribuzin, enquanto em areia lavada os I-,,, foram de 150, 210 e 265g/ha de metribuzin para as sementes retidas nas peneiras 10/64" x 3/4", 13/64" x 3/4" e 15/64" x 3/4", respectivamente. O aumento do tamanho da semente aumentou a toleráncia da soja ao metribuzin.<br>The tolerance of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seeds of three different sizes to the herbicide metribuzin (4-amino-6-tert-butil-3-(metiltio)-astriazina-5(4H)ona) was examined in greenhouse. Seeds were separated on 10/64" x 3/4", 13/64" x x 3/4" and 15/64" x 3/4" sieves. Herbicide doses equivalent to 0, 300, 600, 900 and 1.200g a.i./ha were applied to a sandy loam Ponte Nova (M.G.) soil and 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 to 600g a.i./ha to washed sand. The growth of seeds of size 10, 13 and 15 were 50% inhibited (I50) at levels of 600, 1050 and 1150g of metribuzin in the soil and 150, 210 and 265g/ha in the sand. Thus larger seeds showed greater tolerance

Métodos alternativos do teste de frio para avaliação do vigor de sementes de milho Alternative methods of the cold test for evaluation of corn seed vigor

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo básico estudar comparativamente quatro métodos para a condução do teste de frio, visando a avaliação do potencial fisiológico das sementes de milho. Para tanto, foram utilizados dois cultivares de milho (AG 3010 e AG 5011), cada um representado por 5 lotes com potenciais fisiológicos distintos. Amostras de sementes de todos os lotes foram submetidas a quatro procedimentos do teste de frio, a saber: "terra" (mistura de terra e areia) em caixas empilhadas (método tradicional); "terra" em caixas dispostas lado a lado; bandeja com "terra"; bandeja com "terra" + papel toalha. Estes procedimentos foram comparados com os testes de germinação padrão, envelhecimento acelerado e emergência das plântulas em campo. O teste de frio em bandeja oferece maior facilidade para padronização e permite a obtenção de resultados mais consistentes do que o teste de frio utilizando-se "terra" em caixas, inclusive quanto à relação com a emergência das plântulas em campo.<br>This research was conducted with the objective of comparing different procedures of the cold test to evaluate corn seed vigor. Two cultivars (AG 3010 and AG 5011) represented by 5 lots each were used. Seed samples of all lots were submitted to four procedures of the cold test: stacked deep-box (Brazilian traditional method), deep-box disposed side by side, tray with soil and tray with soil + paper towel, in cold chamber at 10°C for seven days followed by germination at 25°C. Those procedures were also compared with germination, accelerated aging and seedling field emergence tests. The cold test in tray exhibited a great level of standardization than the procedure known as deep-box, allowing for more consistent results and a closer relationship to seedling field emergence