Aluminum slurry coatings to replace cadmium for aeronautic applications

Cadmium has been widely used as a coating to provide protection against galvanic corrosion for steels and for its natural lubricity on threaded applications. However, it is a toxic metal and a known carcinogenic agent, which is plated from an aqueous bath containing cyanide salts. For these reasons, the use of cadmium has been banned in Europe for most industrial applications. However, the aerospace industry is still exempt due to the stringent technical and safety requirements associated with aeronautical applications, as an acceptable replacement is yet to be found. Al slurry coatings have been developed as an alternative to replace cadmium coatings. The coatings were deposited on AISI 4340 steel and have been characterized by optical and electron microscopy. Testing included salt fog corrosion exposure, fluid corrosion exposure (immersion), humidity resistance, coating-substrate and paint-coating adhesion, electric conductivity, galvanic corrosion, embrittlement and fatigue. The results indicated that Al slurry coatings are an excellent alternative for Cd replacement

Regeneração de espécies arbóreas e relações com componente adulto em uma floresta estacional no vale do rio Uruguai, Brasil Tree regeneration and relationships with adult trees in a seasonal forest in the Uruguai river valley, Brazil

O estudo de fenômenos relacionados às variações na estrutura das comunidades vegetais tem cada vez mais envolvido a avaliação do potencial de regeneração das espécies arbóreas, uma vez que a regeneração torna as florestas capazes de se restaurarem após distúrbios naturais ou antrópicos. Neste sentido, objetivou-se avaliar o componente arbóreo regenerante, identificando composição e abundância, grupos funcionais de dispersão, estratificação vertical e necessidades de luz para germinação, além de estimativas de riqueza e diversidade e comparar estes valores com o respectivo componente adulto. O levantamento foi realizado em 20 unidades amostrais de 10 x 10 m, sendo amostrados todos os indivíduos com altura > 0,30 m e diâmetro a altura do solo < 4,7 cm. O levantamento do componente adulto, avaliado em estudo anterior, foi estabelecido em unidades amostrais de 20 x 20 metros, sendo amostrados todos os indivíduos com diâmetro à altura do peito > 4,7 cm. Foram amostrados 1.649 indivíduos em regeneração, pertencentes a 64 espécies, com densidade total estimada em 8.245 ind.ha-1. As espécies com maior densidade absoluta foram Gymnanthes concolor Spreng., Trichilia elegans A.Juss. e Calyptranthes tricona D.Legrand. Uma análise de coordenadas principais indicou nítida separação das unidades amostrais amostradas e um teste de Mantel revelou haver independência entre as matrizes de composição e abundância dos componentes adulto e regenerante (r = 0,19; p = 0,1). Dentre os grupos funcionais, verificou-se que o componente regenerante está mantendo as mesmas proporções observadas para o componente adulto, com maior proporção de espécies zoocóricas, dependentes de luz para germinação e formadoras do dossel florestal. Ao contrário do esperado, houve diminuição da riqueza no componente regenerante (p < 0,001) e manutenção da equabilidade ao longo da área.<br>Studies related to variation in plant communities have been involved the analysis of regenerative potential of tree species, because saplings may enable forests to restore themselves after natural or human disturbances. The goal of this study was to analyze tree regeneration by identifying composition and abundance, the ecological groups of dispersion, vertical stratification and light requirements for germination and to look for changes in expected richness, diversity and relationships with structure of adult trees. A sapling survey was conducted in 20 sample units of 10 x 10 m where all individual living trees were sampled that had a height > 0.30 m and diameter at soil height < 4.7 cm. Adult trees with a diameter at breast height > 4.7 cm were surveyed in 20 x 20 m sampling units, according to a previous study. We sampled 1,649 living trees (64 species), which generated a total density of 8,245 ind.ha-1. The species with higher absolute density were Gymnanthes concolor Spreng., Trichilia elegans A.Juss. and Calyptranthes tricona D.Legrand. A principal coordinates analysis indicated sharp differences among sampled units and a Mantel test showed no dependence among composition and abundance matrices from adult and regenerative surveys (r = 0.19; p = 0.1). According to the ecological groups, we found that the regenerative component has kept the same proportions of adults, with a higher proportion of zoochorous, light demanding, canopy covering species. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, we found lower expected richness in the regenerative component (p < 0.001) with the same equability in the entire area