Revealing Prior Austenite Grain Boundaries of 4340 Steel

Grain growth during austenitization has a negative effect on fatigue strength. Several methods have been investigated in order to determine an accurate method of measuring the austenite grain size of 4340 steel. The McQuaid-Ehn method, an industry standard for evaluating austenite grain size, has been recognized to produce inaccurate results due to the coarsening of grains during extended austenitizing. A method utilized for hypoeutectoid steels, outlined by the ASTM-E112 standard, is investigated to potentially obtain more accurate results by reducing the duration of austenitizing. Studies regarding effective etching procedures for revealing austenite grains without austenitizing are also addressed. Samples are prepared by heat treating to induce temper embrittlement in order to improve etching at these grain boundaries. Although temper embrittlement is undesirable for components in service, the process proved to effectively delineate austenite grain boundaries when etched with a picric acid based reagent. This method may be utilized to acquire an accurate measurement of austenite grain size during processing. The picric acid reagent was unsuccessful when applied to the McQuaid-Ehn and Hypoeutectoid samples. The use of a nital etchant also proved to be ineffective for the McQuaid-Ehn, Hypoeutectoid and temper embrittlement methods utilized by this investigation

THE CODIFICATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

Any conclusion about the desirability or the practicability of codifying international law ought to be based on a clear idea of what the process would involve, and unfortunately codification is an ambiguous word. In the sense in which British and American lawyers use the word it relates to the form in which the law is presented. When we codify, we do not regard the task as one of improving the substance of the law, but as one of collecting the existing rules and stating them concisely and clearly. It is true that, even so, the work must involve some element of law-creating, for when we examine the materials on which we have to work, the customary rules, the judicial precedents, the particular statutes or conventions, we inevitably come across points on which no authority exists, or on which the existing authorities are conflicting, and it would be pedantic to insist that, because codification is concerned only with the form of the law, these defects should be reproduced in the finished code. Where the authorities are in conflict therefore, the codifier must choose the rule which seems the most desirable; where there are gaps in the existing law, he must suggest a new rule to fill them. To that extent codifiers must legislate. But it is only a limited extent. In the main, the work is not one of legislation, but of careful drafting. The few examples that we in England have of codification have been of this type. We have codified our law of sale of goods, and of bills of exchange in this way, and the result has been to tidy up the law on these topics. But that is its only important effect. It has not provided the layman with a sort of legal ready-reckoner, which many people seem to think a code ought to be able to do; and for the practising lawyer the chief difference is that instead of deducing the applicable rule from the decisions, he now uses the decisions to explain and illustrate the statutory rule

An evaluation of functional assessment of the behaviour of students with adhd in a mainstream classroom

The overall aim of this study was to replicate and extend Hoff, Ervin, and Friman (2005) and to investigate whether a functional assessment, including the intervention, could be implemented within a mainstream New Zealand classroom, with students diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and with the teachers implementing the interventions. Experiment 1 included 2 participants, Joel diagnosed as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and Brad who met study inclusion criteria. Descriptive assessments (based on interviews and observations) of the functions of the target behaviours were conducted to produce hypotheses. Two interventions for each student, based on these hypotheses, were selected in collaboration with the class teachers. The interventions were implemented, first singularly and then in combination, using a multiple-baseline design with alternating treatments after the baseline period. They all decreased target behaviours to some degree. One intervention, the token economy, was the most effective with both students. Social acceptability questionnaires showed all procedures were acceptable but of the interventions the token economy was the least favoured by teachers and most favoured by students. Both participants in Experiment 2 were diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1 and also compared hypotheses about the function of behaviour resulting from the Motivation Assessment Scale to those from the descriptive assessment as used in Experiment 1. The Motivation Assessment Scale provided a different hypothesis for one student and it is suggested that this scale is not useful with these students. The two interventions were selected for each student based on the hypotheses. These were designed to be easier to implement and to have more student involvement in their implementation than in Experiment 1. A multiple-baseline design with alternating treatments after the baseline was used and each treatment was evaluated alone. Three of the four interventions decreased target behaviour, the exception was self-management. The social acceptability scores for these interventions were high for both the teachers and students. The overall findings replicated Hoff et al.'s (2005) findings and showed that functional assessment of behaviour could be successfully used with students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in a mainstream classroom. They also showed that the teachers could successfully implement the interventions derived from the hypotheses to decrease target behaviours and that decreasing the difficulty of implementation of the interventions increased the acceptability of the interventions by the teachers

A Model for Farmer Support in Zimbabwe – Opportunity for Change

Community development refers to the collective action of a group of people to improve their quality of life or to fix a problem they face. It involves active participation by the people facing the problem. Input subsidy programs (ISPs) are commonly used in Sub-Saharan Africa as a strategy to achieve several development goals. They generally aim to improve the lives of poor subsistence-level farmers, improve agricultural output, and stimulate the economy. However, ISPs are not technically a community development tool because they are typically centrally planned and top-down in nature

The single leg squat: when to prescribe this exercise

The single leg squat (SLS) is an exercise that has been the subject of numerous research studies in recent years – primarily in the field of physiotherapy and sport rehabilitation, considering where the majority of literature has been published. The unilateral nature of the exercise has encouraged researchers and practitioners to identify what the key muscles are when performing this movement pattern and the factors that may be responsible for enhancing performance during this particular task

The impact of parliamentary debates on Ghana's 2016 elections

Both televised and radio debates increase informed and tolerant voter behaviour, boding well for peaceful elections in young democracies, say Sarah Brierly, Eric Kramon and George Ofosu

Food Allergy Alert—What Restaurant Managers Need to Know to Train Staff

Allergic reactions to menu items are a growing concern for restaurant managers. This guide will help managers develop in-house training sessions for all staff members.https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/extension_families_pubs/1053/thumbnail.jp

Hitting the Sweet Spot: Optimizing Camera Trapping Effort for Estimating Biodiversity in Coastal Environments

Wildlife trail cameras, or “camera traps”, have become an effective tool in ecological research and conservation management across a variety of ecosystems to monitor a wide range of taxa. Camera trapping allows for extended survey time in traditionally hard-to-survey environments and has greatly increased our ability to detect cryptic species. One question ecologists commonly face is how much sampling effort is required to accurately estimate community composition. Despite the abundant literature that uses camera trapping techniques, few studies have occurred in coastal saltmarsh ecosystems. These ecosystems are being lost at a rapid rate from land conversion, pollution, and other anthropogenic stressors, and there is a critical need to better understand the role of coastal ecosystems as wildlife habitats across the globe. Here we analyzed camera trap data from 10 local coastal study plots in Hampton Roads, Virginia. Cameras collected data two weeks a month from May 2022 to Jan 2023, 24 hours per day, taking one photo per minute throughout their deployments. A total of 2.5 million photographs were taken over the study period. Photos were examined for all bird and mammal activity, identifying animals to the species level. Across all sites, we observed 25 different species ranging from migratory shorebirds (e.g., Spotted Sandpiper) to large mammals (e.g., White-tailed Deer). We used a rarefaction analysis to evaluate the accumulated number of detected species across days deployed. Our results demonstrate that the optimum sampling effort needed to achieve 90% detection is 39.6 camera-days (95% Confidence Intervals from 6 to 73) across all sites. Our findings suggest that camera traps are an effective technique in coastal environments when targeting medium to larger-sized terrestrial vertebrates such as wading birds and mammals. These results have broader implications for coastal restoration monitoring and have the potential to inform project monitoring methodology and design.https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/gradposters2023_sciences/1029/thumbnail.jp