22 research outputs found
Elephant grass silage inoculated with cellulolytic fungi isolated from rumen
ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the inoculation with Aspergillus terreus and/or Trichoderma longibrachiatum on fermentation, chemical and microbiological composition of elephant grass âCameroonâ silage (Cenchrus purpureus). Treatments were A. terreus at 105 colony forming units (CFU)/g (AT15), T. longibrachiatum at 105 CFU/g (TL20), a mixture of both at 105 CFU/g (MIX), and a control group without inoculation (CONTR). The design was completely randomized with seven replicates. The MIX silage was most stable, while CONTR, AT15, and TL20, had lower dry matter losses. There was no effect of inoculation in the chemical composition of silages. Only MIX silage (4.40) had pH above the minimum of 4.2 for humid grass silage and above the control (4.05). Bacteria from Diplococcus genus was identified at the opening of TL20 and CONTR silages. After air exposure, the population of rods, Lactobacillus, and total lactic acid bacteria was higher in theTL20 and MIX. The inclusion of a T. longibrachiatum and A. terreus mixture increases dry mater loss and silage pH. T. longibrachiatum was more efficient in maintaining populations of total lactic acid bacteria after opening; therefore, this strain has potential as an additive for elephant grass âCameroonâ silage
Enantiomorphing Chiral Plasmonic Nanostructures:A Counterintuitive Sign Reversal of the Nonlinear Circular Dichroism
Plasmonic nanostructures have demonstrated a remarkable ability to control light in ways never observed in nature, as the optical response is closely linked to their flexible geometric design. Due to lack of mirror symmetry, chiral nanostructures allow twisted electric field âhotspotsâ to form at the material surface. These hotspots depend strongly on the optical wavelength and nanostructure geometry. Understanding the properties of these chiral hotspots is crucial for their applications; for instance, in enhancing the optical interactions with chiral molecules. Here, the results of an elegant experiment are presented: by designing 35 intermediate geometries, the structure is âenantiomorphedâ from one handedness to the other, passing through an achiral geometry. Nonlinear multiphoton microscopy is used to demonstrate a new kind of doubleâbisignate circular dichroism due to enantiomorphing, rather than wavelength change. From group theory, a fundamental origin of this plasmonic chiroptical response is proposed. The analysis allows the optimization of plasmonic chiroptical materials
ExatidĂŁo dos dados do sistema de vigilĂąncia epidemiolĂłgica da malĂĄria no estado do Amazonas
The Epidemiological Surveillance System for Malaria (SIVEP-Malaria) is the Brazilian governmental program that registers all information about compulsory reporting of detected cases of malaria by all medical units and medical practitioners. The objective of this study is to point out the main sources of errors in the SIVEP-Malaria database by applying a data cleaning method to assist researchers about the best way to use it and to report the problems to authorities. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of the data collected by the surveillance system and its accuracy. The SIVEP-Malaria data base used was for the state of Amazonas, Brazil, with data collected from 2003 to 2014. A data cleaning method was applied to the database to detect and remove erroneous records. It was observed that the collecting procedure of the database is not homogeneous among the municipalities and over the years. Some of the variables had different data collection periods, missing data, outliers and inconsistencies. Variables depending on the health agents showed a good quality but those that rely on patients were often inaccurate. We showed that a punctilious preprocessing is needed to produce statistically correct data from the SIVEP-Malaria data base. Fine spatial scale and multi-temporal analysis are of particular concern due to the local concentration of uncertainties and the data collecting seasonality observed. This assessment should help to enhance the quality of studies and the monitoring of the use of the SIVEP database.O Sistema de VigilĂąncia EpidemiolĂłgica de MalĂĄria (SIVEP-MalĂĄria) Ă© um programa governamental brasileiro que arquiva automaticamente todas as informaçÔes sobre casos de malĂĄria registrados em todas as unidades de saĂșde e consultĂłrios medicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade dos dados coletados pelo sistema de vigilĂąncia e sua precisĂŁo. Foram utilizados os dados do SIVEP-MalĂĄria para o estado do Amazonas, Brasil, de 2003 a 2014. Um mĂ©todo de limpeza de dados foi aplicado para detectar e remover registros errĂŽneos. Observamos que a coleta de dados nĂŁo Ă© homogĂȘnea entre os municipios e ao longo dos anos. Algumas variaveis tinham diferentes padrĂ”es de coleta, falta de dados, dados discrepantes e inconsistĂȘncias. Dados que dependem do agente de saĂșde possuem boa qualidade mas aqueles que dependem dos pacientes sĂŁo frequentemente imprecisos. Mostramos que um pre-processamento meticuloso Ă© necessĂĄrio para produzir dados estatisticamente corretos a partir do SIVEP-MalĂĄria. Analises em escala espacial detalhada ou multi-temporais sĂŁo particularmente afetadas devido Ă concentração local de incertezas e a sazonalidade observada na coleta de dados. Esta avaliação deve auxiliar a melhorar os estudos e monitoramentos que fazem uso dos dados do SIVEP
Carbono em agregados do solo sob vegetação nativa, pastagem e sistemas agrĂcolas no bioma Cerrado
Acidificantes como alternativa aos antimicrobianos promotores do crescimento de leitÔes
The purpose of this work was to evaluate
several acidifier blens as alternatives to
antimicrobial growth promoters of weanling pigs.
A 34-d randomized complete block design
experiment was carried out to compare five
treatments using one hundred and sixty Topigs 24-
d-weaned pigs, with 6.69±1.82 kg live weight. For
1-14 d experimental period (24 to 38 days old), the
treatments were: Am - pre-starter diet with 0.004%
of colistin sulfate; A1 - pre-starter diet with 0.5%
of blend 1 (containing formic acid, 145000 ppm;
phosphoric acid, 85000 ppm); A2 - pre-starter diet
with 0.15% of blend 2 (butyric acid, 64000 ppm)
and 0.4% of blend 3 (lactic acid, 620000 ppm;
formic acid, 40 000 ppm); A3 - pre-starter diet with
0.8% of blend 4 (propionic acid, 198000 ppm;
acetic acid, 196000 ppm; formic acid, 196000
ppm; phosphoric acid, 21000 ppm; citric acid,
8500 ppm); and A4 - pre-starter diet with 0.6% of
blend 4 and 0.15% of blend 5 (benzoic acid,
590000 ppm; formic acid, 70000 ppm; phosphoric
acid, 50000 ppm; citric acid, 40000 ppm). For 14-
34 d experimental period, the treatments were: Am
- starter diet with 0.004% of colistin sulfate; A1 -
starter diet with 0.3% of blend 1; A2 - starter diet
with 0.1% of blend 2 and 0.3% of blend 3; A3 -
starter diet with 0.6% of blend 4; and A4 - starter
diet with 0.5% of blend 4 and 0.1% of blend 5. The
pigs were allotted to 20 suspended pens, with four
pigs per experimental unit. For 1-14 d experimental
period, treatment A2 gave better body weight at
14 th day (BW14) and average daily gain (ADG)
than A3, and better feed conversion (FC) than Am.
For total experimental period (1-34 d), A4 gave
better FC than Am. Treatments did not affect
diarrhea frequency and stomach pH. Treatment
A4 gave lower pH value than Am. For intestinal
morphology, A2 provided smaller jejunum crypt
depth (CD) than A3 and Am, and bigger ratio of
jejunum villus height:crypt depth than A1 and A3.
The acidifiers are a potential alternative to
antimicrobial growth promoter for weanling piglets.O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar combinaçÔes
de acidificantes como alternativas aos anti-
microbianos melhoradores do desempenho de
leitÔes na fase de creche. O experimento foi em
blocos casualizados, com 34 dias de duração e
cinco tratamentos. Foram utilizados 160 leitÔes
Topigs recém-desmamados, em torno de 24 dias
e peso inicial de 6,69±1,82 kg. Para o perĂodo de
1 a 14 dias de experimento (24 a 38 dias de idade),
os tratamentos foram: Am - dieta pré-inicial com
0,004% de sulfato de colistina; A1 - pré-inicial com
0,5% do mistura 1 (contendo ĂĄcido fĂłrmico, 145 000
ppm; åcido fosfórico, 85 000 ppm); A2 - pré-inicial
com 0,15% do mistura 2 (butirato de sĂłdio, 64 000
ppm) e 0,4% do mistura 3 (ĂĄcido lĂĄctico, 620000
ppm; åcido fórmico, 40000 ppm); A3 - pré-inicial
com 0,8% do mistura 4 (ĂĄcido propiĂŽnico, 198000
ppm; åcido acético, 196000 ppm; åcido fórmico,
196000 ppm; ĂĄcido fosfĂłrico, 21000 ppm; ĂĄcido
cĂtrico, 8500 ppm); A4 - dieta basal com 0,6% do
mistura 4 e 0,15% do mistura 5 (ĂĄcido benzĂłico,
590000 ppm; ĂĄcido fĂłrmico, 70000 ppm; ĂĄcido
fosfĂłrico, 50000 ppm; ĂĄcido cĂtrico, 40000 ppm).
Para o perĂodo de 14 a 34 dias, os tratamentos
foram: Am - dieta inicial com 0,004% de sulfato de
colistina; A1 - inicial com 0,3% do mistura 1; A2 -
inicial com 0,1% do mistura 2 e 0,3% do mistura 3;
A3 - inicial com 0,6% do mistura 4; A4 - inicial com
0,5% do mistura 4 e 0,1% do mistura 5. Foram
alocados quatro leitÔes por unidade experimental
Na fase pré-inicial, o tratamento A2 proporcionou
melhor peso aos 14 dias (P14) e ganho diĂĄrio de
peso (GDP) que o A3, e melhor conversĂŁo alimen-
tar (CA) que o Am. Para o perĂodo total, o A4
determinou melhor CA que o Am. Os tratamentos
nĂŁo afetaram a freqĂŒĂȘncia de diarrĂ©ia e o pH
estomacal. O A4 resultou em menor valor de pH
cecal que o Am. Para morfologia intestinal o A2
proporcionou menores valores de profundidade
de cripta (PC) do jejuno que o A3 e o Am e maior
relação altura de vilosidade:profundidade de crip-
ta do jejuno que o A1 e o A3. Os acidificantes sĂŁo
uma alternativa promissora aos antimicrobianos
promotores do crescimento de leitÔes na fase de
creche
Phytobiotic additives and sodium butyrate as growth promoters of weanling pigs
The purpose of this work was to evaluate phytobiotic additives and sodium butirate as alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters based on performance, digestibility, digesta pH and diarrhea incidence of weanling pigs. A 34-d randomized complete block design experiment, two replicates in the time, was carried out to compare five treatments: control (T1) basal diet; antimicrobial (T2) basal diet with 40 ppm of colistin sulfate; phytobiotic (T3) basal diet with 500 ppm of microencapsulated natural phytobiotics; sodium butyrate (T4) basal diet with 1500 ppm of sodium butyrate; and phytobiotic + sodium butyrate (T5) basal diet with 500 ppm of natural ptytobiotics + 1500 ppm of sodium butyrate. One hundred and twenty piglets, eight replications per treatment, and three animals per experimental unit were used for performance data and diarrhea incidence. For digestibility assay, 60 piglets of first four replications were considered, using chromium oxide as fed marker. At the end of experimental period, an animal per pen of first four replications was slaughtered for digesta pH measurements. Specific contrasts of practical importance were tested. No differences were found in performance data (p>0.05), however numerically sodium butyrate (T4) showed the best results in both periods. The treatments did not show any effect (p>0.05) on diarrhea incidence and on digesta pH. Energy digestibility coefficient average of phytobiotic additives (T3) and sodium butyrate (T4) was higher (p= 0.07) than that of phytobiotic + sodium butyrate (T5). Therefore, in the experimental nursery condition, there was no evidence of natural phytobiotic and sodium butyrate as growth promoters of weanling pigs fed complex diet with high digestibility raised.O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar os efeitos de aditivos fitogĂȘnicos e butirato de sĂłdio como alternativas aos antimicrobianos promotores de crescimento sobre o desempenho, digestibilidade, pH do conteĂșdo digestĂłrio e frequĂȘncia de diarrĂ©ia de leitĂ”es recĂ©m-desmamados. Um experimento em blocos casualizados completos, com duas repetiçÔes no tempo e 34 dias de duração cada, foi realizado para testar cinco tratamentos: controle (T1) dieta basal; antimicrobiano (T2) basal com 40 ppm de sulfato de colistina; fitogĂȘnico (T3) dieta basal com 500 ppm de aditivos fitogĂȘnicos microencapsulados; butirato de sĂłdio (T4) dieta basal com 1500 ppm de butirato de sĂłdio; fitogĂȘnico + butirato de sĂłdio (T5) dieta basal com 500 ppm de aditivos fitogĂȘnicos + 1500 ppm de butirato de sĂłdio. Para o desempenho e a frequĂȘncia de diarrĂ©ia, foram utilizados 120 leitĂ”es, oito repetiçÔes por tratamento e trĂȘs animais por unidade experimental. A digestibilidade foi determinada em 60 leitĂ”es das quatro primeiras repetiçÔes, utilizando-se o mĂ©todo da coleta parcial de fezes e o Ăłxido de cromo como marcador. Ao final do perĂodo experimental, um animal de cada baia, das quatro primeiros repetiçÔes, foi abatido para mensuração do pH do duodeno, jejuno e ceco. Foram testados contrastes especĂficos de importĂąncia prĂĄtica. Embora, o desempenho dos leitĂ”es nĂŁo tenha sido influenciado pelos tratamentos (p>0,05), o tratamento butirato de sĂłdio (T4) apresentou os melhores resultados numĂ©ricos em ambos os perĂodos analisados. TambĂ©m nĂŁo houve diferença (p>0,05) entre os tratamentos para a frequĂȘncia de diarrĂ©ia e para o pH da digesta. Os leitĂ”es dos tratamentos fitogĂȘnico (T3) e butirato de sĂłdio (T4) apresentaram a mĂ©dia de coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da energia superior (p=0,07) ao dos leitĂ”es do tratamento fitogĂȘnico + butirato de sĂłdio (T5). Assim, em condiçÔes de creche experimental, nĂŁo ficou evidenciado qualquer efeito dos aditivos fitogĂȘnicos e do butirato de sĂłdio como promotores de crescimento de leitĂ”es recĂ©m-desmamados alimentados com dietas complexas e altamente digestĂveis