Comparison Of The Methods Fumigation-extraction And Fumigation-incubation In The Evaluation Of Microbial Biomass Cina Dark Red Oxisol [comparação Entre Os Métodos De Fumigação- Extração E Fumigação-incubação Para Determinação Do Carbono Da Biomassa Microbiana Em Um Latossolo]

More and more studies, including in Brazil, have suggested the use of microbial biomass carbon (MBC) as a bioindicator of soil quality. Most studies employ two methods: the pioneer of fumigation-incubation (FI), in which the MBC is estimated based on CO 2 emission from fumigated and non-fumigated soil samples after 10 days of incubation and fumigationextraction (FE), in which MBC is estimated based on C extraction from fumigated and nonfumigated soil samples after 12 h. However, in Brazil the correlation between both methods has been evaluated in three ecosystems only: in the Amazon, the Cerrado and three soils of the State of Rio de Janeiro. In this paper the methods FE and FI were compared in a typical Dark Red Oxisol in the North of Paraná State. The analyses were performed in a 12 year- Geld trial in Londrina with six treatments, including three soU managements (no-tillage, NT; conventional tillage with traditional ploughing and disking, CT; and NT using a field cultivator every three years, FC) and two crop management types (crop rotation, CR; or multiple cropping, MC) systems. Four soil samples (0-10 cm) were taken: after winter harvest (wheat in CR and lupin in MC), after summer ploughing (for CT and FC treatments), after summer sowing (soybean in CR and maize in MC) and in the summer crop flowering stage. In general the variability was low by both methods and the coefficient of variation washigher, the lower the MBC values. No differences between the FE and FI methods were detected when the four samplings at different stages as well as when all treatments were considered together. When all treatments were analyzed together, the correlation between FE and FI was positive and statistically significant. However, when each treatment was considered separately significance was observed for the treatments NT and CT in CR and MC, but not for FC. Results indicate that both methods may be used to evaluate MBC under similar conditions in Northern Paraná, however, they also indicate that more studies should be performed in Brazilian soils comparing both methods as a function of qualitative and quantitative changes in the organic matter contents as well as in the incorporation of crop residues.32519111919ANDERSON, T.H., DOMSCH, K.H., A physiological method for the quantitative measurement of microbial biomass in soils (1978) Soil Biol, Biochem, 10, pp. 215-221BALOTA, E.L.COLOZZI-FILHO, A.ANDRADE, D.S. & HUNGRIA, M. Biomassa microbiana e sua atividade em solos sob diferentes sistemas de preparo e sueessão de culturas. E. Bras. Ci. Solo, 22:641-649, 1998BARTLETT, R.J. & ROSS, D.N. Colorimetric determination of oxidizable carbon in acid soil solutions. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 52:1191-1192, 1988BROOKES, P.C., The use microbial parameters in soil pollution by heavy metals (1995) Biol. Fert. Soils, 19, pp. 269-279BROOKES, P.C., LANDMAN, A., PRUDEN, G., JENKINSON, D.S., Chloroform fumigation and the release of soil nitrogen: A rapid direct extraction method to measure microbial biomass nitrogen in soil (1985) Soil Biol. Biochem, 17, pp. 837-842CATTELAN, A.J., VIDOR, C., Sistemas de culturas e a população microbiana do solo. (1990) R. Bras. Ci. Solo, 14, pp. 125-132FEDERAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE PLANTIO DIRETO NA PALHA-FEBRAPDP. Disponível em: Acesso em 20 out de 2008FEIGL, B.J., SPARLING, G.P., ROSS, D.J., CERRI, C.C., Soil microbial biomass in Amazonian soils: Evaluation of methods and estimates of pool sizes (1995) Soil Biol. Biochem, 27, pp. 1467-1472FRANCHINI, J.C., CRISPING, C.C., SOUZA, R.A., TORRES, E., HUNGRIA, M., Microbiological parameters as indicators of soil quality under various tillage and croprotation systems in Southern Brazil (2007) Soil Till. 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Impact of COVID-19 on Cardiovascular Testing in the United States Versus the Rest of the World

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-U.S. institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Safety and efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce ileus after colorectal surgery

Background: Ileus is common after elective colorectal surgery, and is associated with increased adverse events and prolonged hospital stay. The aim was to assess the role of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for reducing ileus after surgery. Methods: A prospective multicentre cohort study was delivered by an international, student- and trainee-led collaborative group. Adult patients undergoing elective colorectal resection between January and April 2018 were included. The primary outcome was time to gastrointestinal recovery, measured using a composite measure of bowel function and tolerance to oral intake. The impact of NSAIDs was explored using Cox regression analyses, including the results of a centre-specific survey of compliance to enhanced recovery principles. Secondary safety outcomes included anastomotic leak rate and acute kidney injury. Results: A total of 4164 patients were included, with a median age of 68 (i.q.r. 57\u201375) years (54\ub79 per cent men). Some 1153 (27\ub77 per cent) received NSAIDs on postoperative days 1\u20133, of whom 1061 (92\ub70 per cent) received non-selective cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors. After adjustment for baseline differences, the mean time to gastrointestinal recovery did not differ significantly between patients who received NSAIDs and those who did not (4\ub76 versus 4\ub78 days; hazard ratio 1\ub704, 95 per cent c.i. 0\ub796 to 1\ub712; P = 0\ub7360). There were no significant differences in anastomotic leak rate (5\ub74 versus 4\ub76 per cent; P = 0\ub7349) or acute kidney injury (14\ub73 versus 13\ub78 per cent; P = 0\ub7666) between the groups. Significantly fewer patients receiving NSAIDs required strong opioid analgesia (35\ub73 versus 56\ub77 per cent; P < 0\ub7001). Conclusion: NSAIDs did not reduce the time for gastrointestinal recovery after colorectal surgery, but they were safe and associated with reduced postoperative opioid requirement

Safety of hospital discharge before return of bowel function after elective colorectal surgery

Background: Ileus is common after colorectal surgery and is associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications. Identifying features of normal bowel recovery and the appropriateness for hospital discharge is challenging. This study explored the safety of hospital discharge before the return of bowel function. Methods: A prospective, multicentre cohort study was undertaken across an international collaborative network. Adult patients undergoing elective colorectal resection between January and April 2018 were included. The main outcome of interest was readmission to hospital within 30 days of surgery. The impact of discharge timing according to the return of bowel function was explored using multivariable regression analysis. Other outcomes were postoperative complications within 30 days of surgery, measured using the Clavien\u2013Dindo classification system. Results: A total of 3288 patients were included in the analysis, of whom 301 (9\ub72 per cent) were discharged before the return of bowel function. The median duration of hospital stay for patients discharged before and after return of bowel function was 5 (i.q.r. 4\u20137) and 7 (6\u20138) days respectively (P < 0\ub7001). There were no significant differences in rates of readmission between these groups (6\ub76 versus 8\ub70 per cent; P = 0\ub7499), and this remained the case after multivariable adjustment for baseline differences (odds ratio 0\ub790, 95 per cent c.i. 0\ub755 to 1\ub746; P = 0\ub7659). Rates of postoperative complications were also similar in those discharged before versus after return of bowel function (minor: 34\ub77 versus 39\ub75 per cent; major 3\ub73 versus 3\ub74 per cent; P = 0\ub7110). Conclusion: Discharge before return of bowel function after elective colorectal surgery appears to be safe in appropriately selected patients

Safety of hospital discharge before return of bowel function after elective colorectal surgery

© 2020 BJS Society Ltd Published by John Wiley & Sons LtdBackground: Ileus is common after colorectal surgery and is associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications. Identifying features of normal bowel recovery and the appropriateness for hospital discharge is challenging. This study explored the safety of hospital discharge before the return of bowel function. Methods: A prospective, multicentre cohort study was undertaken across an international collaborative network. Adult patients undergoing elective colorectal resection between January and April 2018 were included. The main outcome of interest was readmission to hospital within 30 days of surgery. The impact of discharge timing according to the return of bowel function was explored using multivariable regression analysis. Other outcomes were postoperative complications within 30 days of surgery, measured using the Clavien–Dindo classification system. Results: A total of 3288 patients were included in the analysis, of whom 301 (9·2 per cent) were discharged before the return of bowel function. The median duration of hospital stay for patients discharged before and after return of bowel function was 5 (i.q.r. 4–7) and 7 (6–8) days respectively (P < 0·001). There were no significant differences in rates of readmission between these groups (6·6 versus 8·0 per cent; P = 0·499), and this remained the case after multivariable adjustment for baseline differences (odds ratio 0·90, 95 per cent c.i. 0·55 to 1·46; P = 0·659). Rates of postoperative complications were also similar in those discharged before versus after return of bowel function (minor: 34·7 versus 39·5 per cent; major 3·3 versus 3·4 per cent; P = 0·110). Conclusion: Discharge before return of bowel function after elective colorectal surgery appears to be safe in appropriately selected patients