If you're going to be a leader, at least act like it! Prejudice towards women who are tentative in leader roles

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Wiley via the DOI in this record.Role congruity theory predicts prejudice towards women who meet the agentic requirements of the leader role. In line with recent findings indicating greater acceptance of agentic behaviour from women, we find evidence for a more subtle form of prejudice towards women who fail to display agency in leader roles. Using a classic methodology, the agency of male and female leaders was manipulated using assertive or tentative speech, presented through written (Study 1, N = 167) or verbal (Study 2, N = 66) communications. Consistent with predictions, assertive women were as likeable and influential as assertive men, while being tentative in leadership reduced the likeability and influence of women, but not of men. Although approval of agentic behaviour from women in leadership reflects progress, evidence that women are quickly singled out for disapproval if they fail to show agency is important for understanding how they continue to be at a distinct disadvantage to men in leader roles

Degrees of freedom effect on fragmentation in tandem mass spectrometry of singly charged supramolecular aggregates of sodium sulfonates

The characteristic collision energy (CCE) to obtain 50% fragmentation of positively and negatively single charged non-covalent clusters has been measured. CCE was found to increase linearly with the degrees of freedom (DoF) of the precursor ion, analogously to that observed for synthetic polymers. This suggests that fragmentation behavior (e.g. energy randomization) in covalent molecules and clusters are similar. Analysis of the slope of CCE with molecular size (DoF) indicates that activation energy of fragmentation of these clusters (loss of a monomer unit) is similar to that of the lowest energy fragmentation of protonated leucine-enkephalin. Positively and negatively charged aggregates behave similarly, but the slope of the CCE vs DoF plot is steeper for positive ions, suggesting that these are more stable than their negative counterparts

Quantitative evaluation of the phenolic profile in fruits of six avocado (Persea americana) cultivars by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-heated electrospray-mass spectrometry

The phenolic profiles of six varieties of avocado (Persea americana) grown in Sicily were investigated. The ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-heated electrospray-mass spectrometry method was developed to determine qualitative and quantitative changes in fruits at two different ripening stage. Nineteen individual phenolic compounds were detected in avocado pulp extracts. Gallic acid, sinapinic acid, vanillin, p-coumaric acid, and gentisic acid were present only in ripe fruits. On the contrary, epicatechin decreased with fruit ripening, whereas protocatechuic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, and benzoic acid were relatively stable or exhibited erratic changes with fruit ripening. The different avocado cultivars exhibited different phenolic profiles and total quantities and it was found that, among the tested cultivars, 'Orotawa' avocados may provide the highest nutritional and health contribution to human diet. The qualitative and quantitative differences among cultivars and maturation stages by multivariate analysis allowed for the individuation of a set of phenolic compounds that have a great potential in the discrimination and identification of different genetic groups

Inclusion complexes of cyclomaltooligosaccharides (cyclodextrins) with melatonin in solid phase

Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) investigations were carried out on MLT plus α-, β- and γ-CD physical mixtures and lyophilized or crystalline MLT/α-, β-, γ-CD complexes. Inclusion complexes formation between MLT and cyclodextrins in solid phase has been emphasized by the significant differences between IR and XRD spectra of physical mixtures with respect to those of the complexes. The structure of MLT CDs complexes in the solid state as well as the biochemical and pharmaceutical implications are discussed

Measurements of Si Hybrid CMOS X-Ray Detector Characteristics

The development of Hybrid CMOS Detectors (HCDs) for X-Ray telescope focal planes will place them in con- tention with CCDs on future satellite missions due to their faster frame rates, flexible readout scenarios, lower power consumption, and inherent radiation hardness. CCDs have been used with great success on the current generation of X-Ray telescopes (e.g. Chandra, XMM, Suzaku, and Swift). However their bucket-brigade read-out architecture, which transfers charge across the chip with discrete component readout electronics, results in clockrate limited readout speeds that cause pileup (saturation) of bright sources and an inherent susceptibility to radiation induced displacement damage that limits mission lifetime. In contrast, HCDs read pixels with low power, on-chip multiplexer electronics in a random access fashion. Faster frame rates achieved with multi-output readout design will allow the next generation's larger effective area telescopes to observe bright sources free of pileup. Radiation damaged lattice sites effect a single pixel instead of an entire row. Random access, multi-output readout will allow for novel readout modes such as simultaneous bright-source-fast/whole-chip-slow readout. In order for HCDs to be useful as X-Ray detectors, they must show noise and energy resolution performance similar to CCDs while retaining advantages inherent to HCDs. We will report on readnoise, conversion gain, and energy resolution measurements of an X-Ray enhanced Teledyne HAWAII-1RG (H1RG) HCD and describe techniques of H1RG data reduction.Comment: 11 pages, 10 figure

Effects of the net charge on abundance and stability of supramolecular surfactant aggregates in gas phase

Self-assembling of amphiphilic molecules under electrospray ionization (ESI) conditions is characterized by quite unexpected phenomenology. The noticeable differences with respect to the condensed phase are attributable to the absence of the surfactant-solvent interactions, the presence of net charge in the aggregates, and the strong deviation from equilibrium conditions. Aiming to investigate the effects of the net charge on abundance and stability of supramolecular surfactant aggregates, positively and negatively charged aggregates of sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOT) and sodium methane sulfonate (MetS), butane sulfonate (ButS) and octane sulfonate (OctS) have been studied by ESI mass spectrometry, energy resolved mass spectrometry and density functional theory calculations. The negatively charged aggregates are found to be less stable than their positive counterparts. The results are consistent with a self-assembling pattern dominated by electrostatic interactions involving the counterions and head groups of the investigated amphiphilic compounds while the alkyl chains point outwards, protecting the aggregates from unlimited growth processes

1H-NMR and FT-IR study of the state of melatonin confined in membrane models: location and interactions of melatonin in water free lecithin and AOT reversed micelles

The state of melatonin confined either in dry lecithin or bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT) reversed micelles has been investigated by H-1-NMR and FT-IR spectroscopies as a function of the melatonin to surfactant molar ratio (R). The analysis of experimental results leads to hypothesize that, independently of R and the surfactant nature and as a consequence of anisotropic melatonin/surfactant interactions, melatonin is totally solubilized in reversed micelles and mainly located by opportune orientation in the nanodomain constituted by the surfactant head groups. The absence of significant spectral changes related to the protons linked to the first carbon atoms of surfactant alkyl chain, indicates a scarce insertion of melatonin into the so-called micellar palisade layer. The possible biological implications of the peculiar solubilization state of melatonin in reversed micelles are discussed

HPLC/HRMS and GC/MS for Triacylglycerols Characterization of Tuna Fish Oils Obtained from Green Extraction

Background: Fish oil is one of the most common lipidic substances that is consumed as a dietary supplement. The high omega-3 fatty acid content in fish oil is responsible for its numerous health benefits. Fish species such as mackerel, herring, tuna, and salmon are particularly rich in these lipids, which contain two essential omega-3 fatty acids, known as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Objectives: Due to the scarcity of information in the literature, this study aimed to conduct a qualitative and quantitative characterization of triglycerides (TAGs) in crude tuna fish oil using HPLC/HRMS. Fatty acid (FA) determination was also performed using GC/MS. The tuna fish oils analyzed were produced using a green, low-temperature process from the remnants of fish production, avoiding the use of any extraction solvents. Results: The analyses led to the tentative identification and semi-quantitation of 81 TAGs. In silico saponification and comparison with fatty acid methyl ester results helped to confirm the identified TAGs and their quantities. The study found that the produced oil is rich in EPA, DHA, and erucic acid, while the negligible isomerization of fatty acids to trans-derivatives was observed