La educación matemática crítica y el desarrollo de las competencias ciudadanas, como elementos de estudio, para la formación de estudiantes como ciudadanos constructores de paz y convivencia escolar

El siguiente trabajo de grado, el cual se constituye en una monografía, está enmarcado en el campo de la Educación Matemática Crítica, campo de investigación de la Didáctica de las Matemáticas. Lo que se pretendió al indagar en dicho campo de investigación es que los maestros de matemáticas que se encuentran ejerciendo, como aquellos que están en proceso de constituirse en los mismos, puedan reflexionar acerca de la formación de los estudiantes como ciudadanos constructores de paz y convivencia escolar. Si bien la Educación Matemática Crítica, no menciona directamente acerca de una educación para la paz y la convivencia escolar, debido a que sus investigaciones y sus principios los centran primordialmente en otros campos, como los aspectos democráticos, y los aspectos sociopolíticos de la educación matemática, no obstante el siguiente trabajo de grado tomó algunas posturas, y las trato de integrar de manera conjunta con las competencias ciudadanas, formuladas por el Ministerio de Educación Nacional-MEN (2004). Para lograr la viabilidad del anterior propósito, se indagó las competencias ciudadanas, y del mismo modo se investigó específicamente las concernientes al campo de la instauración de una educación para la paz y la convivencia escolar, debido a que estos brindan una serie de elementos que hacen posible formar personas que sean capaces de convivir no solamente con su contexto escolar, sino también con su contexto social y cultural. Para alcanzar dichos propósitos se efectuó un análisis documental y de esta manera se respondió a la problemática de investigación. Posteriormente se presentaron las conclusiones que dieron lugar en este estudio. Adicional a ello se planteó una propuesta de intervención educativa, la cual va alineada con los objetivos de este trabajo de grado

Portrait of an act: Aesthetics and ethics in The 'Portrait of a Lady' (Henry James)

Five tetrahydrofuran lignans and two known flavones were isolated from the aerial parts of Peperomia blanda. The structures of the isolated lignans were elucidated by interpretation of their spectroscopic data, including by gHMQC and gHMBC. The relative and absolute configurations of the isolates were determined from NOESY interactions and optical properties, respectively. Four of the lignans were diastercomeric whilst one was of mixed biosynthetic origin. All but one of the lignans exhibited high in vitro trypanocidal activity when assayed against epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi strain Y. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

A new antifungal phenolic glycoside derivative, iridoids and lignans from Alibertia sessilis (vell.) k. schum. (Rubiaceae)

A new antifungal phenolic glycoside, 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl-1-O-beta-D-(5-O-syringoyl)apiofuranosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (1), together with four known iridoids, geniposidic acid (2), geniposide (3), 6alpha-hydroxygeniposide (4) and 6beta-hydroxygeniposide (5); two lignans, (+)-lyoniresinol-3alpha-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (6), (-)-lyoniresinol-3alpha-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (7); and two phenolic acids, chlorogenic (8) and salicylic acids (9) and D-manitol (10), were isolated from the ethanolic extract of the stems of Alibertia sessilis. Structures of 1 and of the known compounds were determined by spectroscopic analysis. All compounds isolated were evaluated for their antifungal activities against two phytopathogenic fungi strains Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. sphaerospermum by direct bioautography

7-Hydroxycassine: A new 2,6-dialkylpiperidin-3-ol alkaloid and other constituents isolated from flowers and fruits of Senna spectabilis

alcaloides, também foram isolados constituintes químicos de outras classes como o esteroide β-sitosterol, os flavonoides luteolina e 3-metóxi-luteolina, o triterpeno ácido betulínico e o ácido trans-cinâmico. A partir do levantamento bibliográfico foi possível observar que os compostos estão sendo relatados pela primeira vez nesta espécie. The phytochemical study of flowers and green fruits of Senna spectabilis furnished a new substituted 2,6-dialkylpiperidin-3-ol alkaloid, named (-)-7-hydroxycassine, along with five known piperidine alkaloids: (-)-cassine, (-)-spectaline, (-)-3-O-acetylspectaline, (-)-7-hydroxyspectaline and (-)-iso-6-spectaline. In addition to non-alkaloidal, chemical constituents from other chemical classes were also identified, including the steroid β-sitosterol, the flavonoids luteolin and 3-methoxyluteolin, the triterpene betulinic acid and trans-cinnamic acid. To our knowledge, compounds are being reported for the first time in this species. Keywords: Senna spectabilis, (-)-7-hydroxycassine, piperidine alkaloids Introduction Senna and Cassia are considered the two most representative genera of the Fabaceae family, with some species used in folk medicine. The placement of these genera in the family has always been controversial, and in the new classification of Fabaceae, several species of Cassia were included in the genus Senna due to being morphologically similar. 1 These species are known to biosynthesize flavonoids, anthraquinones, stilbenes and alkaloids. Many of these substances have been described for their biological and pharmacological properties, which include antibacterial, laxative, anti-ulcerogenic, cytotoxic, antifungal, analgesic, antiinflammatory, antioxidant and hepatoprotective qualities. 6 as sources of piperidine alkaloids of long chain 2,6-dialkylpiperidin-3-ol, which are rare in nature. 8 Senna spectabilis is a tree used in urbanization and occurs from Minas Gerais to Rio Grande do Sul States. 9,10 The species is used in folk medicine for the treatment of constipation, insomnia, anxiety, epilepsy, malaria, (-)-7-Hydroxycassine: a New 2,6-Dialkylpiperidin-3-ol Alkaloid and other Constituents 14 demonstrated that the alkaloidic extract obtained from the bark of this plant acts on central nervous system. 14 In another study, Sriphong et al. 13 isolated several alkaloids from flowers of S. spectabilis, among them, a new 3(R)-benzoyloxy-2(R)-methyl-6(R)-(11'-oxododecyl)-piperidine, and reported toxic and cytotoxicity activities of the metabolites. For more than two decades, researchers at the Nucleus for Bioassays, Biosynthesis and Ecophysiology of Natural Products (NuBBE, UNESP, Araraquara-SP, Brazil) have been investigating S. spectabilis from a chemical and biological standpoint, and this has resulted in the isolation of several bioactive alkaloids of the type 2,6-dialkylpiperidin-3-ol. 6, Chemical studies of the flowers and fruits of S. spectabilis led to the isolation of a new alkaloid 2,6-dialkylpiperidin-3-ol (1), as well as another five metabolites from distinct chemical classes, which, although well known, are being reported for the first time in this plant. Experimental Instrumentation and chromatographic material The uni-and bi-dimensional experiments of C) using tetramethylsilane (TMS) as internal standard. The absorption spectra in the region of infrared (FTIR) were recorded on a FTIR spectrometer (Nicolet-Impact 400 coupled to a microcomputer provided with Omnic 1.20 software) using KBr pellets for solids and films for oily substances. The high resolution mass spectra with electrospray ionization (HRESIMS) were measured on an ultrOTOF Q (Bruker Daltonics) spectrometer, operating in the positive mode and using MeOH/H 2 O (4:1) as solvent system. Melting points were determined on a digital device, made by the Microquímica products, model number MQAPF-301 and are uncorrected. Optical rotations were measured on a Perkin Elmer model 341 polarimeter equipped with a sodium lamp (λ = 589 nm) at 20 °C using CH 2 Cl 2 as a solvent. In chromatographic separations, trademarks Acros silica gel (70-230 mesh) and Sigma neutral alumina (70-290 mesh) were used for gravitational chromatography, and for pressurized separations, Silica gel (230-400 mesh) was used. For separations using chromatography for molecular exclusion, Sephadex LH-20 was used. The comparative thin layer chromatography (TLC) was performed with 60 silica gel (Ø 5-40 µm, Merck) and neutral alumina gel (Ø 5-40 µm, Aldrich) with fluorescence indicator in the range of 254 nm (F 254 Extraction and isolation The flowers and buds (3.4 kg) of S. spectabilis were dried, powdered and macerated in EtOH for seven days, resulting in 39.7 g of crude extract (EB-FL). EB-FL was redissolved in MeOH/H 2 O (4:1) and partitioned with n-hexane, AcOEt, CH 2 Cl 2 and n-BuOH, resulting in n-hexane (EFL-Hex, 2.0 g), ethyl acetate (EFL-Ac, 0.34 g), dichloromethane (EFL-Dic, 7.9 g) and n-butanol (EFL-But, 2.5 g) fractions. Analysis by TLC, using iodochloroplatinate and Dragendorf revealed that EFL-Dic contained a greater diversity of alkaloid constituents. Following acid-base extraction, a mixture of alkaloids was obtained and subjected to fractionation by gravitational column chromatography on neutral alumina, eluted with a CHCl 3 /EtOH/n-hexane mixture through gradient elution, supplying 151 mg of (-)-3-O-acetylspectaline, a 4.82 g Viegas Junior et al. 3 Vol. 24, No. 2, 2013 mixture of (-)-cassine and (-)-spectaline and 270 mg of a more polar mixture containing three other alkaloids. This mixture was subjected to preparative TLC on alumina gel, eluted with CHCl 3 /EtOH/n-hexane, leading to the isolation of 5.5 mg of (-)-7-hydroxyspectaline, 20 mg of (-)-iso-6-spectaline, and 11 mg of (-)-7-hydroxycassine (1) obtained as a yellow-coloured oil. The chromatographic treatment of EFL-Hex resulted in the isolation of β-sitosterol (2). 19,21 The EFL-Ac fraction initially subjected to acid-base extraction, resulted in 240 mg of a non-alkaloidal fraction whose fractionation in a Sephadex ® LH-20 column, eluted with MeOH, provided 12 sub-fractions of 25 mL each. A preliminary analysis with 1 H NMR led to the selection of the sub-fraction 6, which following purification in a chromatographic column on silica gel resulted in a yellow solid, which decomposed above 320 °C, 22 identified as luteolin (3). 23 The green fruits (3 kg) of S. spectabilis were powdered and macerated in EtOH for five days, providing 13.1 g of crude extract (EB-FR). EB-FR was reconstituted in MeOH/H 2 O (4:1) and partitioned with n-hexano, CH 2 Cl 2 , AcOEt and n-BuOH, generating four fractions: EFR-Hex (0.29 g), EFR-Dic (0.87 g) EFR-Ac (1.15 g) and EFR-Bu (1.96 g), respectively. A preliminary analysis by TLC and 1 H NMR, led to the selection of fractions EFR-Dic and EFR-Bu for chemical study. The chromatographic treatment EFR-Dic, resulted in 150 sub-fractions of 10 mL each, regrouped into 13 new subfractions. The sub-fraction 42-44 (504 mg) was subjected to TLC, providing 20 mg of betulinic acid (5) 24 The sub-fraction 51-58 (248 mg) was subjected to column chromatographic (CC) on silica gel, eluted under reduced pressure with binary mixtures of EtOAc/Hex and EtOAc/ MeOH, providing 78 sub-fractions of 10 mL each, grouped according to similarity into 17 new sub-fractions. The subfraction 1-10 (42 mg) was purified by preparative HPLC, resulting in four new sub-fractions. The sub-fractions with retention times (t R ) of 23.2 and 27.6 min were analysed by 1 H and 13 C 1D and 2D NMR and compared with literature data, 21 leading to the identification of luteolin (3) (7.7 mg, t R = 23.2 min) of 3-methoxyluteolin (4) (8.4 mg, t R = 27.6 min). The fractionation of EFR-Bu in a reverse phase column C-18, eluted in gradient of H 2 O/MeOH, resulted in 8 sub-fractions of 500 mL each. The chromatographic fractionation of sub-fraction 4 (886 mg) in molecular exclusion column Sephadex ® LH-20, eluted with MeOH, resulted in the isolation of a white solid, melting range of 130-133 °C, was identified as trans-cinnamic acid (6)

Derivados N-benzil-(-3-0-acetil) piperidínicos, composições farmacêuticas contendo os mesmos, e processos para sua preparação

Em 05/12/2016: Anuidade de pedido de patente de invenção no prazo ordinário.DepositadaA presente invenção proporciona derivados piperidínicos. Tais compostos apresentam atividade inibidora de acetilcolinesterase no sistema nervoso central em ensaios farmacológicos, podendo ser úteis no tratamento de doenças como a Doença de Alzheimer. Também são revelados um processo para a preparação destes compostos e composições farmacêuticas contendo os mesmos