Microglial activation and chronic neurodegeneration

Microglia, the resident innate immune cells in the brain, have long been implicated in the pathology of neurode-generative diseases. Accumulating evidence points to activated microglia as a chronic source of multiple neurotoxic factors, including tumor necrosis factor-α, nitric oxide, interleukin-1β, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), driving progressive neuron damage. Microglia can become chronically activated by either a single stimulus (e.g., lipopolysaccharide or neuron damage) or multiple stimuli exposures to result in cumulative neuronal loss with time. Although the mechanisms driving these phenomena are just beginning to be understood, reactive microgliosis (the microglial response to neuron damage) and ROS have been implicated as key mechanisms of chronic and neurotoxic microglial activation, particularly in the case of Parkinson’s disease. We review the mechanisms of neurotoxicity associated with chronic microglial activation and discuss the role of neuronal death and microglial ROS driving the chronic and toxic microglial phenotype

Patients experience of living with the intestinal stoma : A literature overview

Bakgrund: Magtarmkanalen är en viktig del för att en individ ska uppleva fysisk och psykisk hälsa. Inflammatoriska tarmsjukdomar och cancer i tarmen är faktorer som kan leda till att en tarmstomi blir aktuellt. En tarmstomi kan vara permanent och temporär samt involvera olika delar av tarmen. Med en tarmstomi tillkommer ett ansvar hos patienten där egenvård och skötsel blir centralt. Tarmstomin medför kroppsliga förändringar där stöd och undervisning ökar förståelsen för den nya kroppen. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva patienters upplevelser av att leva med tarmstomi. Metod: Metoden som använts var litteraturöversikt som inkluderat kvantitativa och kvalitativa artiklar. Resultat: Studiens resultat presenteras i fyra områden: Social samvaro- på gott och ont, Begränsningar i vardagslivet, Acceptans av tarmstomi och Mötet med vården. Slutsats: Patienters upplevelser av att leva med tarmstomi kan både vara positiva och negativa. För att patienten ska acceptera sin nya livssituation har sjuksköterskan, vänner och familj en betydande roll. Patientens acceptans till tarmstomin är avgörande för hur kroppen uppfattas och påverkar därmed den psykiska hälsan.Background: The gastrointestinal tract is an important part for an individual to experience physical and psychological health. Inflammatory bowel diseases and cancer in the intestine are factors that can lead to an intestinal stoma. An intestinal stoma can be permanent or temporary and involve different parts of the intestinal. With an intestinal stoma comes a responsibility which includes self-care and care of the intestinal stoma for the patient. The intestinal stoma entails bodily changes where support and teaching increase the understanding of the new body. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe patients experience of living with an intestinal stoma. Method: This study is a literature review which is based on qualitative and quantitative articles. Results: The results of this study are presented in four areas: Social cohabitation- for better or worse, Limitations in everyday life, Acceptance of the intestinal stoma and The meeting with medical care. Conclusion: Patients experience to live with an intestinal stoma can both be positive and negative. The acceptance of the new life situation includes the patient’s relationship to the nurse, friends and family. Patients acceptance to the intestinal stoma is crucial for how the body perceives and effects the psychological health