Zugzwangs in chess studies

Van der Heijden’s ENDGAME STUDY DATABASE IV, HHDBIV, is the definitive collection of 76,132 chess studies. The zugzwang position or zug, one in which the side to move would prefer not to, is a frequent theme in the literature of chess studies. In this third data-mining of HHDBIV, we report on the occurrence of sub-7-man zugs there as discovered by the use of CQL and Nalimov endgame tables (EGTs). We also mine those Zugzwang Studies in which a zug more significantly appears in both its White-to-move (wtm) and Black-to-move (btm) forms. We provide some illustrative and extreme examples of zugzwangs in studies

System Size and Energy Dependence of Dilepton Production in Heavy-Ion Collisions at SIS Energies

We study the dilepton production in heavy-ion collisions at energies of 1-2 AGeV as well as in proton induced pp, pn, pd and p+A reactions from 1 GeV up to 3.5 GeV. For the analysis we employ three different transport models - the microscopic off-shell Hadron-String-Dynamics (HSD) transport approach, the Isospin Quantum Molecular Dynamics (IQMD) approach as well as the Ultra-relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD) approach. We confirm the experimentally observed enhancement of the dilepton yield (normalized to the multiplicity of neutral pions $N_{\pi^0}$) in heavy-ion collisions with respect to that measured in $NN = (pp+pn)/2$ collisions. We identify two contributions to this enhancement: a) the $pN$ bremsstrahlung which scales with the number of collisions and not with the number of participants, i.e. pions; b) the dilepton emission from intermediate $\Delta$'s which are part of the reaction cycles $\Delta \to \pi N ; \pi N \to \Delta$ and $NN\to N\Delta; N\Delta \to NN$. With increasing system size more generations of intermediate $\Delta$'s are created. If such $\Delta$ decays into a pion, the pion can be reabsorbed, however, if it decays into a dilepton, the dilepton escapes from the system. Thus, experimentally one observes only one pion (from the last produced $\Delta$) whereas the dilepton yield accumulates the contributions from all $\Delta$'s of the cycle. We show as well that the Fermi motion enhances the production of pions and dileptons in the same way. Furthermore, employing the off-shell HSD approach, we explore the influence of in-medium effects like the modification of self-energies and spectral functions of the vector mesons due to their interactions with the hadronic environment.Comment: 46 pages, 48 figures, version to be published in Phys. Rev.

Hadronic and electromagnetic probes of hot and dense matter in a Boltzmann+Hydrodynamics model of relativistic nuclear collisions

We present recent results on bulk observables and electromagnetic probes obtained using a hybrid approach based on the Ultrarelativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics transport model with an intermediate hydrodynamic stage for the description of heavy-ion collisions at AGS, SPS and RHIC energies. After briefly reviewing the main results for particle multiplicities, elliptic flow, transverse momentum and rapidity spectra, we focus on photon and dilepton emission from hot and dense hadronic matter.Comment: To appear in the proceedings of WISH 2010: International Workshop on Interplay between Soft and Hard interactions in particle production at ultrarelativistic energies, Catania, Italy, 8-10 September 201

Transition to resonance-rich matter in heavy ion collisions at RHIC energies

The equilibration of hot and dense nuclear matter produced in the central region in central Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s}=200$ AGeV is studied within the microscopic transport model UrQMD. The pressure here becomes isotropic at $t \approx 5$ fm/c. Within the next 15 fm/c the expansion of the matter proceeds almost isentropically with the entropy per baryon ratio $S/A \approx 150$. During this period the equation of state in the $(P,\epsilon)$-plane has a very simple form, $P=0.15 \epsilon$. Comparison with the statistical model (SM) of an ideal hadron gas reveals that the time of $\approx 20$ fm/$c$ may be too short to attain the fully equilibrated state. Particularly, the fractions of resonances are overpopulated in contrast to the SM values. The creation of such a long-lived resonance-rich state slows down the relaxation to chemical equilibrium and can be detected experimentally.Comment: Talk at the conference Strangeness'2000, to be published in J. of Phys.

Collisional processes of on-shell and off-shell heavy quarks in vacuum and in the Quark-Gluon-Plasma

We study the heavy quark scattering on partons of the quark gluon plasma (QGP) being especially interested in the collisional (elastic) scattering processes of heavy quarks on quarks and gluons. We calculate the different cross sections for perturbative partons (massless on-shell particles in the vacuum) and for dynamical quasi-particles (off-shell particles in the QGP medium as described by the dynamical quasi-particles model "DQPM") using the leading order Born diagrams. Our results show clearly the effect of a finite parton mass and width on the perturbative elastic $(q(g) Q \rightarrow q (g) Q)$ cross sections which depend on temperature $T$, energy density $\epsilon$, the invariant energy $\sqrt{s}$ and the scattering angle $\theta$. Our detailed comparisons demonstrate that the finite width of the quasi-particles in the DQPM - which encodes the multiple partonic scattering - has little influence on the cross section for $q Q \rightarrow q Q$ as well as $g Q \rightarrow g Q$ scattering except close to thresholds. Thus when studying the dynamics of energetic heavy quarks in a QGP medium the spectral width of the degrees-of-freedom may be discarded. We have, furthermore, compared the cross sections from the DQPM with corresponding results from hard-thermal-loop (HTL) approaches. The HTL inspired models - essentially fixing the regulators by elementary vacuum cross sections and decay amplitudes instead of properties of the QGP at finite temperature - provide quite different results especially w.r.t. the temperature dependence of the $qQ$ and $gQ$ cross sections (in all settings). Accordingly, the transport properties of heavy quarks will be very different as a function of temperature when compared to DQPM results.Comment: 28 pages, 32 figure

Evapotranspiração e coeficientes de cultivo e de irrigação para a cultura do melão (Cucumis melo L.) na região litorânea do Ceará.

O experimento foi conduzido em Paraipaba, Regiao Litoranea do Ceara (latitude 3°17 S, longitude 3°15 W e altitude de 30m), com objetivo de determinar a evapotranspiracao (ETc) e os coeficientes de cultivo (Kc) e de irrigacao (Ki) para as diferentes fases da cultura do melao (Cucumis melo L.).Utilizou-se o melao hibrido amarelo Gold Mine, no espacamento de 2,0 x 0,5m, irrigado diariamente, por gotejamento, com uma linha de gotejadores por fileiras de plantas, espaçados de 0,5m entre si. Para determinar a ETc da cultura do melao utilizou-se um lizimetro de pesagem com area superficial de 2,25 m² (1,5 x 1,5m) , instalada no centro de uma area cultivada de 110 x 70m.Os valores de ETc diaria obtidos foram comparados com valores de ETc determinados diretamente por outro lisimetro de pesagem e estimado pelo metodo de Penman-Monteith e valores de evaporacao diaria do tanque classe "A". O ciclo total da cultura foi de 66 dias e as duracoes de fases inicial, de crescimento, intermediaria e final da cultura foram de 23,18,18 e 7 dias, respectivamente. A ETc total durante o ciclo do meloeiro foi de 251 mm e o periodo de maxima demanda hidrica ocorreo entre 42 e 58 dias apos o plantio, com valores maximos de ETc de ate 6,8 mm/dia . Foram verificados valores medios de Kc de 0,21 na fase inicial, 1,21 na fase intermediaria e 0,98 na fase final, calculados com valores de ETo determinados por lisimetro de pesagem, que praticamente nao diferiram dos Kc s calculados com valores de ETo estimado pelo metodo de Penman-Monteith. Os valores de Ki observados foramde 0,13 na fase inicial, 0,68 na fase intermediaria e 0,55 na fase final.bitstream/CNPAT-2010/9009/1/Bd-002.pd

How Sensitive are Di-Leptons from Rho Mesons to the High Baryon Density Region?

We show that the measurement of di-leptons might provide only a restricted view into the most dense stages of heavy ion reactions. Thus, possible studies of meson and baryon properties at high baryon densities, as e.g. done at GSI-HADES and envisioned for FAIR-CBM, might observe weaker effects than currently expected in certain approaches. We argue that the strong absorption of resonances in the high baryon density region of the heavy ion collision masks information from the early hot and dense phase due to a strong increase of the total decay width because of collisional broadening. To obtain additional information, we also compare the currently used approaches to extract di-leptons from transport simulations - i.e. shining, only vector mesons from final baryon resonance decays and instant emission of di-leptons and find a strong sensitivity on the method employed in particular at FAIR and SPS energies. It is shown explicitly that a restriction to rho meson (and therefore di-lepton) production only in final state baryon resonance decays provide a strong bias towards rather low baryon densities. The results presented are obtained from UrQMD v2.3 calculations using the standard set-up.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, expanded versio

Strangeness dynamics and transverse pressure in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions

We investigate hadron production as well as transverse hadron spectra from proton-proton, proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions from 2 $A\cdot$GeV to 21.3 $A\cdot$TeV within two independent transport approaches (HSD and UrQMD) that are based on quark, diquark, string and hadronic degrees of freedom. The comparison to experimental data on transverse mass spectra from $pp$, $pA$ and C+C (or Si+Si) reactions shows the reliability of the transport models for light systems. For central Au+Au (Pb+Pb) collisions at bombarding energies above $\sim$ 5 A$\cdot$GeV, furthermore, the measured $K^{\pm}$ transverse mass spectra have a larger inverse slope parameter than expected from the default calculations. We investigate various scenarios to explore their potential effects on the $K^\pm$ spectra. In particular the initial state Cronin effect is found to play a substantial role at top SPS and RHIC energies. However, the maximum in the $K^+/\pi^+$ ratio at 20 to 30 A$\cdot$GeV is missed by ~40% and the approximately constant slope of the $K^\pm$ spectra at SPS energies is not reproduced either. Our systematic analysis suggests that the additional pressure - as expected from lattice QCD calculations at finite quark chemical potential $\mu_q$ and temperature $T$- should be generated by strong interactions in the early pre-hadronic/partonic phase of central Au+Au (Pb+Pb) collisions.Comment: 20 pages, 15 figures, Phys. Rev. C, in pres