Gender Bias in Power Relationships: Evidence from Police Traffic Stops

[Excerpt] We test for the existence of gender bias in power relationships. Specifically, we examine whether police officers are less likely to issue traffic tickets to men or to women during traffic stops. Whereas the conventional wisdom, which we document with surveys, is that women are less likely to receive tickets, our analysis shows otherwise. Examination of a pooled sample of traffic stops from five locations reveals no gender bias, but does show significant regional variation in the likelihood of citations. Analysis by location shows that women are more likely to receive citations in three of the five locations. Men are more likely to receive citations in the other two locations. To our knowledge, this study is the first to test for gender bias in traffic stops, and clearly refutes the conventional wisdom that police are more lenient towards women

Effectiveness of High Inclusion Liquid Feed for Finishing Steers

A finishing phase study was conducted to measure the effectiveness of replacing dry rolled corn with a high inclusion liquid feed for finishing steers. Treatments were based upon 3 supplements: 1) Control 3.3% inclusion meal-type supplement (CO); 2) Typical Liquid Supplement 4.5% inclusion liquid supplement (TLS); and 3) High Liquid Supplement 9.0% inclusion liquid supplement (HLS). Supplements displaced dry rolled corn in finishing diets. Five 5 pens of 7 or 8 yearling steers with an initial BW of 930 lb assigned to each treatment for the 119 d experiment. The assayed supplement inclusion averaged 3.35%, 4.48% and 8.97% for the CO, TLS and HLS treatments, respectively. In general, interim performance periods resulted in similar DMI across diets and the HLS diet generally improved ADG and F:G when compared to the CO diet. On a shrunk live BW basis cumulative F:G was lower for HLS than CO and tended to be lower than when TLS diet was fed. The HLS also tended (P = 0.08) to increase ADG compared to the TLS. These responses suggest the caloric value of the HLS exceeded the caloric value of the DRC that it replaced. The liquid supplements had no adverse effects on Quality Grade and tended to improve Yield Grade compared to CO. The high inclusion liquid supplement used in this study was an effective substitute for dry rolled corn in a finishing diet

Analysis of No-Difference Findings in Evaluation Research

Conclusions of no difference are becoming increasingly important in evaluation research. We delineate three major uses of no-difference findings and analyze their meanings. (1) No-differ ence findings in randomized experiments can be interpreted as support for conclusions of the absence of a meaningful treatment effect, but only if the proper analytic methods are used. (2) Statistically based conclusions in quasi-experiments do not allow causal statements about the treatment impact but do provide a metric to judge the size of the resulting difference. (3) Using no-difference findings to conclude equivalence on control variables is inefficient and potentially misleading. The final section of the article presents alternative methods by which conclusions of no difference may be supported when applicable. These methods include the use of arbitrarily high alpha levels, interval estimation, and power analysis.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/67182/2/10.1177_0193841X8901300604.pd

Wireless, in-vessel neutron monitor for initial core-loading of advanced breeder reactors

An experimental wireless, in-vessel neutron monitor was developed to measure the reactivity of an advanced breeder reactor as the core is loaded for the first time to preclude an accidental critically incident. The environment is liquid sodium at a temperature of approx. 220 C, with negligible gamma or neutron radiation. With ultrasonic transmission of neutron data, no fundamental limitation was observed after tests at 230 C for 2000 h. The neutron sensitivity was approx. 1 count/s-nv, and the potential data transmission rate was approx. 10,000 counts/s

Leadership and Gender: School Counselors’ Experiences of Girls’ Leadership in Secondary Schools

There has been a proliferation of girls’ leadership programs to stymie the leaking pipeline of women’s leadership and resulting gender leadership gap. School counselors are advocates and change agents in the schools and play a key role in student development and leadership programming. School counselors’ training in their counseling programs may impact their support and assessment of girls’ leadership programming. This phenomenological research utilized the open-ended questions of an online survey to understand school counselors’ experiences of girls’ leadership. The themes, (a) Formal Approach to Girls’ Leadership, (b) Informal Approach to Girls’ Leadership, (c) No Girls’ Leadership, and (d) Non-Gender Specific Approach to Girls’ Leadership were discovered. Themes are discussed and suggestions for school counselors and counselor educators are offered

Leadership and Gender: School Counselors’ Experiences of Girls’ Leadership in Secondary Schools

There has been a proliferation of girls’ leadership programs to stymie the leaking pipeline of women’s leadership and resulting gender leadership gap. School counselors are advocates and change agents in the schools and play a key role in student development and leadership programming. School counselors’ training in their counseling programs may impact their support and assessment of girls’ leadership programming. This phenomenological research utilized the open-ended questions of an online survey to understand school counselors’ experiences of girls’ leadership. The themes, (a) Formal Approach to Girls’ Leadership, (b) Informal Approach to Girls’ Leadership, (c) No Girls’ Leadership, and (d) Non-Gender Specific Approach to Girls’ Leadership were discovered. Themes are discussed and suggestions for school counselors and counselor educators are offered

Prevalence of drug-herb and drug-supplement interactions in older adults : A cross-sectional survey

© British Journal of General PracticeBackground Polypharmacy is common among older adults, with increasing numbers also using prescription drugs with herbal medicinal products (HMPs) and dietary supplements. There is no reliable evidence from the UK on concurrent use of HMPs and dietary supplements with prescription drugs in older adults. Aim To establish prevalence of concurrent prescription drugs, HMPs, and dietary supplements among UK community-dwelling older adults and identify potential interactions. Design and setting Cross-sectional survey of older adults registered at two general practices in South East England. Method A questionnaire asking about prescription medications, HMPs, and sociodemographic information was posted to 400 older adults aged ≥65 years, identified as taking ≥1 prescription drug. Results In total 155 questionnaires were returned (response rate = 38.8%) and the prevalence of concurrent HMPs and dietary supplements with prescriptions was 33.6%. Females were more likely than males to be concurrent users (43.4% versus 22.5%; P = 0.009). The number of HMPs and dietary supplements ranged from 1 to 8, (mean = 3, median = 1; standard deviation = 1.65). The majority of concurrent users (78.0%) used dietary supplements with prescription drugs. The most commonly used dietary supplements were cod liver oil, glucosamine, multivitamins, and Vitamin D. Others (20.0%) used only HMPs with prescription drugs. Common HMPs were evening primrose oil, valerian, and Nytol Herbal® (a combination of hops, gentian, and passion flower). Sixteen participants (32.6%) were at risk of potential adverse drug interactions. Conclusion GPs should routinely ask questions regarding herbal and supplement use, to identify and manage older adults at potential risk of adverse drug interactions.Peer reviewe

Effects of Diets Containing Soybean Hulls or Rolled Corn on the Performance and Mineral Status of Newly Received Calves

The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of soybean hulls as an energy source for newly received feeder calves and their effects on ADG, DMI, gain/feed (G/F), morbidity rate and mineral status. Steers from a single source were blocked into previously weaned (PW; n = 63; BW = 265 ± 2.9 kg) and non-weaned (NW; n = 92; BW = 264 ± 2.4 kg) groups, then allotted to one of two dietary treatment groups. Diets consisted of either rolled corn (CRN) or soybean hulls (SBH), and oat silage and vitamin/mineral supplements. Liver biopsies and blood samples were collected at the initiation of the trial and again after 28 d on feed. Steers fed CRN had lower (P \u3c 0.10) ADG through d 28 compared to SBH. Previously weaned steers had a higher (P \u3c 0.10) ADG than NW steers through d 28. The SBH diets caused higher (P \u3c 0.01) DMI through d 28 and overall. There was a diet × weaning group interaction (P \u3c 0.10) for DMI through d 28. Cumulative feed/gain (F/G) was lower (P \u3c 0.05) for cattle fed CRN diets. Liver Cu concentrations decreased (P \u3c 0.01) by 22% in steers fed SBH, but were unchanged in steers fed CRN diets. Previously weaned steers had a greater loss of liver Cu compared to NW steers (P \u3c 0.01). Liver Zn concentration was affected by a diet × weaning group interaction (P \u3c 0.05). Morbidity rate (6.5%) was not affected by treatments. These results suggest the use of soybean hulls in newly received calf diets has the potential to stimulate DMI, and that Cu and Zn in soybean hulls may have limited availability

The Effects of Trace Mineral Inclusion Management on the Performance and Mineral Status of Newly Recwived Feeder Calves

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of trace mineral inclusion management on the performance and mineral status of newly received feeder calves. Steers from 2 pastures at a single ranch in Western South Dakota blocked into non-implanted (NI; n = 64; BW = 240 kg), May implanted (MI; n = 64; BW 252 kg;) and August implanted (AI; n = 66; BW = 248 kg;) groups, then allotted to one of two treatment groups. Treatments consisted of either: a pelleted supplement fed at a fixed amount to meet the gram / daily requirement (GDR) of Cu (as CuSO4) and Zn (as ZnSO4) of a growing steer or as a percent of the diet (PER). Liver biopsy and blood samples were collected at the initiation of the trial and again after 28 d on feed. The ADG and feed conversion (F/G) was not affected by diet treatment. Cumulative DMI tended to be greater (P \u3c 0.10) in PER diets (7.31 vs. 7.12 kg). Steers receiving PER treatments tended (P \u3c 0.11) to have less of a decrease in hepatic Zn than GDR treatments. The change in hepatic K was affected (P \u3c 0.05) by implant with AI steers having the greatest increase. These results suggest that if performance and morbidity are enhanced by feeding Cu and Zn to meet the gram daily requirement of the animal, then Cu and Zn may need to be fed at a greater level to see any differences from this practice

A complex storm system in Saturn’s north polar atmosphere in 2018

Producción CientíficaSaturn’s convective storms usually fall in two categories. One consists of mid-sized storms ∼2,000 km wide, appearing as irregular bright cloud systems that evolve rapidly, on scales of a few days. The other includes the Great White Spots, planetary-scale giant storms ten times larger than the mid-sized ones, which disturb a full latitude band, enduring several months, and have been observed only seven times since 1876. Here we report a new intermediate type, observed in 2018 in the north polar region. Four large storms with east–west lengths ∼4,000–8,000 km (the first one lasting longer than 200 days) formed sequentially in close latitudes, experiencing mutual encounters and leading to zonal disturbances affecting a full latitude band ∼8,000 km wide, during at least eight months. Dynamical simulations indicate that each storm required energies around ten times larger than mid-sized storms but ∼100 times smaller than those necessary for a Great White Spot. This event occurred at about the same latitude and season as the Great White Spot in 1960, in close correspondence with the cycle of approximately 60 years hypothesized for equatorial Great White Spots.Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad - Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (project AYA2015-65041-P)Gobierno Vasco (project IT-366-19