51 research outputs found
Mass-spectrometric studies of new 6-nitroquipazines—serotonin transporter inhibitors
Six synthesized 6-nitroquipazine derivatives were examined by electron ionization (EI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry in positive and negative ion mode. The compounds exhibit high affinity for the serotonin transporter (SERT) and belong to a new class of SERT inhibitors. The EI mass spectra registered in negative ion mode showed prominent molecular ions for all the compounds studied. All EI mass spectra and all ESI mass spectra showed similar fragmentation pathways of molecular ions, but the pathways differed between EI and ESI. The differences were explained with the aid of theoretical evaluation of the stability of the respective radical ions (EI MS) and protonated ions (ESI MS)
Mass spectrometry and molecular modeling studies on the inclusion complexes between alendronate and β-cyclodextrin
Effort-related functions of nucleus accumbens dopamine and associated forebrain circuits
Background
Over the last several years, it has become apparent that there are critical problems with the hypothesis that brain dopamine (DA) systems, particularly in the nucleus accumbens, directly mediate the rewarding or primary motivational characteristics of natural stimuli such as food. Hypotheses related to DA function are undergoing a substantial restructuring, such that the classic emphasis on hedonia and primary reward is giving way to diverse lines of research that focus on aspects of instrumental learning, reward prediction, incentive motivation, and behavioral activation.
Objective
The present review discusses dopaminergic involvement in behavioral activation and, in particular, emphasizes the effort-related functions of nucleus accumbens DA and associated forebrain circuitry.
Results
The effects of accumbens DA depletions on food-seeking behavior are critically dependent upon the work requirements of the task. Lever pressing schedules that have minimal work requirements are largely unaffected by accumbens DA depletions, whereas reinforcement schedules that have high work (e.g., ratio) requirements are substantially impaired by accumbens DA depletions. Moreover, interference with accumbens DA transmission exerts a powerful influence over effort-related decision making. Rats with accumbens DA depletions reallocate their instrumental behavior away from food-reinforced tasks that have high response requirements, and instead, these rats select a less-effortful type of food-seeking behavior.
Conclusions
Along with prefrontal cortex and the amygdala, nucleus accumbens is a component of the brain circuitry regulating effort-related functions. Studies of the brain systems regulating effort-based processes may have implications for understanding drug abuse, as well as energy-related disorders such as psychomotor slowing, fatigue, or anergia in depression
Nine–month nutritional intervention improves restoration of menses in young female athletes and ballet dancers
Caffeine intake during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis
The relationship between seedling infection types and field reactions to leaf scald in Clipper barley backcross lines
Specificity of Association between Paenibacillus spp. and the Entomopathogenic Nematodes, Heterorhabditis spp.
Multidimensional Approach Toward Spiritual Coping: Construction and Validation of the Spiritual Coping Questionnaire (SCQ)
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