Influence of a discontinuity on the spectral and fractal analysis of one-dimensional data

The analysis of a data area or segment containing steep transitions between regions with different textures (for example a cloud and its background) leads to addressing the problem of discontinuities and their impact on texture analysis. In that purpose, an original one-dimensional analytical model of spectrum and roughness function has been worked out, with a discontinuity between two fractal regions, each one specified by its average &micro;, standard deviation &sigma;, spectral index &beta; and Hurst exponent <i>H</i>. This has the advantage of not needing the generation of a fractal structure with a particular algorithm or random functions and clearly puts into evidence the role played by the average in generating spectral poles and side lobes. After validation of the model calibration, a parametric study is carried out in order to understand the influence of this discontinuity on the estimation of the spectral index &beta; and the Hurst parameter <i>H</i>. It shows that for a pure &micro;-gap, <i>H</i> is well estimated everywhere, though overestimated, and &beta; is overestimated in the anti-correlation range and saturates in the correlation range. For a pure &sigma;-gap the retrieval of <i>H</i> is excellent everywhere and the behaviour of &beta; is better than for a &micro;-gap, leading to less overestimation in the anti-correlation range. For a pure &beta;-gap, saturation degrades measurements in the case of raw data and the medium with smaller spectral index is predominant in the case of trend-corrected data. For a pure <i>H</i>-gap, there is also dominance of the medium with smaller fractal exponent

Performing edge detection by difference of Gaussians using q-Gaussian kernels

In image processing, edge detection is a valuable tool to perform the extraction of features from an image. This detection reduces the amount of information to be processed, since the redundant information (considered less relevant) can be unconsidered. The technique of edge detection consists of determining the points of a digital image whose intensity changes sharply. This changes are due to the discontinuities of the orientation on a surface for example. A well known method of edge detection is the Difference of Gaussians (DoG). The method consists of subtracting two Gaussians, where a kernel has a standard deviation smaller than the previous one. The convolution between the subtraction of kernels and the input image results in the edge detection of this image. This paper introduces a method of extracting edges using DoG with kernels based on the q-Gaussian probability distribution, derived from the q-statistic proposed by Constantino Tsallis. To demonstrate the method's potential, we compare the introduced method with the traditional DoG using Gaussians kernels. The results showed that the proposed method can extract edges with more accurate details.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, IC-MSQUARE 201

Detecting Extrasolar Planets with Integral Field Spectroscopy

Observations of extrasolar planets using Integral Field Spectroscopy (IFS), if coupled with an extreme Adaptive Optics system and analyzed with a Simultaneous Differential Imaging technique (SDI), are a powerful tool to detect and characterize extrasolar planets directly; they enhance the signal of the planet and, at the same time, reduces the impact of stellar light and consequently important noise sources like speckles. In order to verify the efficiency of such a technique, we developed a simulation code able to test the capabilities of this IFS-SDI technique for different kinds of planets and telescopes, modelling the atmospheric and instrumental noise sources. The first results obtained by the simulations show that many significant extrasolar planet detections are indeed possible using the present 8m-class telescopes within a few hours of exposure time. The procedure adopted to simulate IFS observations is presented here in detail, explaining in particular how we obtain estimates of the speckle noise, Adaptive Optics corrections, specific instrumental features, and how we test the efficiency of the SDI technique to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of the planet detection. The most important results achieved by simulations of various objects, from 1 M_J to brown dwarfs of 30 M_J, for observations with an 8 meter telescope, are then presented and discussed.Comment: 60 pages, 37 figures, accepted in PASP, 4 Tables adde

First report on proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in marble trout (Salmo trutta marmoratus, Cuvier 1817)

Proliferative kidney disease is a hyperplastic response of the principal lymphoid tissue of salmonid fish infected by Tetracapsidoides bryosalmonae, a myxozoan parasite. This parasite affects many rainbow trout farms in Europe and North America. The disease has also been reported in other salmonids as well as in pike (Esox lucius) and grayling (Thymallus thymallus). In autumn 2000, an outbreak of PKD induced mortality in a group of marble trout (Salmo trutta marmoratus) juveniles reared in a farm in north-east Italy. The fish were intended to restock public waters. Diseased fish showed a lethargic behaviour, skin darkening, abdominal dilatation, gill anaemia and, after necroscopy, increase in volume and a pale colour of the kidney. All fishes subjected to histological examination showed a marked granulomatous interstitial nephritis, as well as foci of pancreatic and hepatic necrosis. The immunohistochemistry and PAS stain allowed visualisation of the extrasporogonic phase of the parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae in several tissues of the host. This is the first reported outbreak of PKD in marble trout, and should receive full attention since this species is potentially under risk of extinction

Recomendações técnicas para o uso agrícola do composto de lixo urbano no Estado de São Paulo.

Por que proceder a compostagem dos resíduos sólidos urbanos? Qual é a composição do lixo urbano brasileiro e paulista? Por que utilizar composto de lixo urbano na agricultura? Que efeitos pode-se esperar nas propriedades dos solos? Quais as características, maturidade e composição requeridas de compostos de lixo urbano para o seu uso na agricultura? Existe alguma legislação para o uso agrícola do composto de lixo urbano? Base científica dos índices do composto.Situação do cinturão verde de São Paulo.O risco ambiental seria apenas devido a metais pesados contidos nos resíduos sólidos? E a questão dos patógenos e outros componentes orgânicos não oferece risco à saúde das pessoas? É possível haver sanilização do solo pela aplicação do composto?Onde, quando e quanto de composto de lixo urbano deve-se aplicar nas principais culturas do Estado de São Paulo? Em síntese, que cuidados ou restrições devem ser observados para o uso agrícola do composto?bitstream/CNPTIA/9962/1/circtec3.pdfAcesso em: 28 maio 2008

Developmental nmda receptor dysregulation in the infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis mouse model

Protein palmitoylation and depalmitoylation alter protein function. This post-translational modification is critical for synaptic transmission and plasticity. Mutation of the depalmitoylating enzyme palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) causes infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (CLN1), a pediatric neurodegenerative disease. However, the role of protein depalmitoylation in synaptic maturation is unknown. Therefore, we studied synapse development in Ppt1-/- mouse visual cortex. We demonstrate that the developmental N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunit switch from GluN2B to GluN2A is stagnated in Ppt1-/- mice. Correspondingly, Ppt1-/- neurons exhibit immature evoked NMDAR currents and dendritic spine morphology in vivo. Further, dissociated Ppt1-/- cultured neurons show extrasynaptic, diffuse calcium influxes and enhanced vulnerability to NMDA-induced excitotoxicity, reflecting the predominance of GluN2B-containing receptors. Remarkably, Ppt1-/- neurons demonstrate hyperpalmitoylation of GluN2B as well as Fyn kinase, which regulates surface retention of GluN2B. Thus, PPT1 plays a critical role in postsynapse maturation by facilitating the GluN2 subunit switch and proteostasis of palmitoylated proteins