Wrist ultrasound analysis of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis

In the present study, we evaluated 42 wrists using the semi-quantitative scales power Doppler ultrasound (PDUS) and gray scale ultrasound (GSUS) with scores ranging from 0 to 3 and correlated the results with clinical, laboratory and radiographic data. Twenty-one patients (17 women and 4 men) with rheumatoid arthritis according to criteria of the American College of Rheumatology were enrolled in the study from September 2008 to July 2009 at Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP). The average disease duration was 14 months. The patients were 66.6% Caucasians and 33.3% non-Caucasians, with a mean age of 42 and 41 years, respectively. A dorsal longitudinal scan was performed by ultrasound on the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints using GE LOGIQ XP-linear ultrasound and a high frequency (8-10 MHz) transducer. All patients were X-rayed, and the Larsen score was determined for the joints, with grades ranging from 0 to V. This study showed significant correlations between clinical, sonographic and laboratory data: GSUS and swollen right wrist (r = 0.546), GSUS of right wrist and swelling of left wrist (r = 0.511), PDUS of right wrist and pain in left wrist (r = 0.436), PDUS of right wrist and C-reactive protein (r = 0.466). Ultrasound can be considered a useful tool in the diagnosis of synovitis in early rheumatoid arthritis mainly when the anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide and rheumatoid factor are negative, and can lead to an early change in the therapeutic decision44

A majority of Brazilian patients with rheumatoid arthritis HLA-DRB1 alleles carry both the HLA-DRB1 shared epitope and anti-citrunillated peptide antibodies

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the contribution of the shared epitope (SE), the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) protection model, and the occurrence of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies in RA patients from a genetically diverse population. One hundred and forty Brazilian RA patients and 161 matched controls were typed for HLA-DRB1 alleles using amplified DNA hybridized with sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes or primers. Patients were stratified according to the presence or absence of SE (DRB1*0401, *0404, *0405, *0101, *1001, and *1402), of the DERAA alleles (DRB1*0103, *0402, *1102, *1103, *1301, *1302, and *1304), and X (all other alleles). Anti-CCP antibodies were measured by ELISA. The combined frequency of SE-positive alleles was significantly greater (76.4 vs 23.6%, P < 0.0001) than the controls. The SE/SE and SE/X genotypes were over-represented (P < 0.0001, OR = 6.02) and DERAA/X was under-represented in RA patients (P < 0.001, OR = 0.49), whereas the frequencies of the SE/DERAA, X/X and X/DERAA genotypes were not significantly different from controls. The frequency of anti-CCP antibodies was higher in SE-positive patients than in SE-negative patients (64.6 vs 44.7%, P = 0.03; OR = 2.25). Although the Brazilian population is highly miscegenated, the results of this study support the findings observed in most genetically homogeneous populations with RA; however, they are not mutually exclusive but rather complementary. The participation of DRB1-DERAA alleles in protection against RA was also observed (OR = 0.4; 95%CI = 0.23-0.68).CNPqFAEP

Expression of MALT1 oncogene in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells recapitulates the pathogenesis of human lymphoma in mice

Chromosomal translocations involving the MALT1 gene are hallmarks of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. To date, targeting these translocations to mouse B cells has failed to reproduce human disease. Here, we induced MALT1 expression in mouse Sca1(+)Lin(-) hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, which showed NF-κB activation and early lymphoid priming, being selectively skewed toward B-cell differentiation. These cells accumulated in extranodal tissues and gave rise to clonal tumors recapitulating the principal clinical, biological, and molecular genetic features of MALT lymphoma. Deletion of p53 gene accelerated tumor onset and induced transformation of MALT lymphoma to activated B-cell diffuse large-cell lymphoma (ABC-DLBCL). Treatment of MALT1-induced lymphomas with a specific inhibitor of MALT1 proteolytic activity decreased cell viability, indicating that endogenous Malt1 signaling was required for tumor cell survival. Our study shows that human-like lymphomas can be modeled in mice by targeting MALT1 expression to hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, demonstrating the oncogenic role of MALT1 in lymphomagenesis. Furthermore, this work establishes a molecular link between MALT lymphoma and ABC-DLBCL, and provides mouse models to test MALT1 inhibitors. Finally, our results suggest that hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of human mature B-cell lymphomas

Clinical Image In Henoch-schönlein Purpura [imagem Clínica De Púrpura De Henoch-schönlein]

[No abstract available]47321

Exhuberant Tophaceous Gout: Case Report [gota Tofacea Exuberante: Relato De Caso]

Gout is a heterogeneous group of diseases resulting from tissue deposition of monossodium urate or uric acid crystals from extracellular fluids supersaturated with respect to this end product of human purine metabolism. The clinical manifestations are recurrent attacks of a unique type of acute inflammatory arthritis (acute gout), accumulation of potentially destructive crystal aggregates (tophi), especially in connective tissue structures. The authors report a patient with one year of follow-up, presenting chronic tophaceous gout and renal disease with severe deposition of monossodium urate crystals in joint and periarticular structures without ear cartilage involvement. They discuss about the follow-up forms of gout, its biological and clinical aspects, and factors implicated with the ear absence of crystal precipitation.381313

Demographic And Clinical Features Of Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis In Piauí, Brazil - Evaluation Of 98 Patients

tIntroduction: Brazilian epidemiological studies on rheumatoid arthritis are scarce, mainly inthe northeast; thus many data currently available originate from the international literature. Objectives: To describe demographic, clinical and serological characteristics of patients withrheumatoid arthritis (RA) followed-up by the same physician, in state of Piauí, Brazil. Patients and methods: Data were collected between August 2010 and March 2013, in threehealth services of Piauí that provided health care in Rheumatology: a university-affiliatedhospital, a public outpatient clinic and a private clinic. Results: The numbers represent mean ± SD or percentage: 47.5 ± 11.03 years-old non-Caucasian woman, non-smoker (59.2%), low educational level, mean disease duration of7.7 years ± 7.6, and major extra-articular manifestations were rheumatoid nodules (19.4%)and sicca syndrome (46.9%).Conclusion: Features of rheumatoid arthritis obtained in this study are similar to those foundin some national and international studies, but we observed higher female preponder-ance and illiteracy rate, in addition to a moderately severe erosive disease on average, withfrequent sicca and other extra-articular manifestations.545360365Kobak, S., Demographic, clinical and serological features ofTurkish patients with rheumatoid arthritis: evaluation of 165patients (2011) Clin Rheumatol., 30, pp. 843-847Avouac, J., Gossec, L., Dougados, M., Diagnostic and predictivevalue of anti-cyclic citrullinated protein antibodies inrheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review (2006) AnnRheum Dis., 65, pp. 845-851Da Mota, L.M., Cruz, B.A., Brenol, C.V., Pereira, I.A., Fronza, L.S., Bertolo, M.B., Concensus of the Brazilian Society of Rheumatologyfor diagnosis and early assessment of rheumatoid arthritis (2011) Rev Bras Reumatol., 51, pp. 199-219Abdel-Nasser, A.M., Rasker, J.J., Valkenburg, H.A., Epidemiologicaland clinical aspects relating to the variability of rheumatoidarthritis (1997) Semin Arthritis Rheum., 27, p. 123Malaviya, A.N., Kapoor, S.K., Singh, R.R., Kumar, A., Pande, I., Prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis in the adult Indianpopulation (1993) Rheumatol Int., 13, pp. 131-134Alballa, S.R., The expression of rheumatoid arthritis in SaudiArabia (1995) Clin Rheumatol., 14, pp. 641-645David, J.M., Mattei, R.A., Mauad, J.L., Almeida, L.G., Nogueira, M.A., Menolli, P.V., Menolli, R.A., Clinical and laboratory features ofpatients with rheumatoid arthritis diagnosed atrheumatology services in the Brazilian municipality ofCascavel, PR, Brazil (2013) Rev Bras Reumatol., 53, pp. 57-65Moura, M.C., Zakszewski, P.T., Silva, M.B., Skare, T.L., Epidemiological profile of patients with extra-articularmanifestations of rheumatoid arthritis from the city ofCuritiba, south of Brazil (2012) Rev Bras Reumatol., 52, pp. 679-694Arnett, F.C., Edworthy, S.M., Bloch, D.A., McShane, D.J., Fries, J.F., Cooper, N.S., The American Rheumatism Association1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoidarthritis (1988) Arthritis Rheum., 31, pp. 315-324Drosos, A.A., Lanchbury, J.S., Panayi, G.S., Mountsopoulos, H.M., Rheumatoid arthritis in Greek and British patients (1992) ArthritisRheum., 35, pp. 745-748Louzada-Junior, P., Sousa, B.D.B., Toledo, R.A., Ciconelli, R.M., Analisedescritiva das características demográficas e clinicas depacientes com artrite reumatoide no estado de São Paulo (2007) RevBras Reumatol., 47, pp. 84-90Vitali, C., Bombardieri, S., Jonsson, R., Moutsopoulos, H.M., Alexander, E.L., Carsons, E.S., Classification criteria forSjögren's syndrome: a revised version of the European criteriaproposed by the American-European Consensus Group (2002) AnnRheum Dis., 61 (6), pp. 554-558Calgüneri, M., Ureten, K., Akif Oztürk, M., Onat, A.M., Ertenli, I., Kiraz, S., Akdogan, A., Extra-articular manifestations ofrheumatoid arthritis: results of a university hospital of 526patients in Turkey (2006) Clin Exp Rheumatol., 24, pp. 305-308Bodur, H., Ataman, S., Akbulut, L., Evcik, D., Kavuncu, V., Kaya, T., Characteristics and medical management of patientswith rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis (2008) ClinRheumatol., 27, pp. 1119-1125Veeparen, K., Mangat, G., Wanti, I., Dieppe, P., The expression ofrheumatoid arthritis in Malaysian and British patients: acomparative study (1993) Br Rheumatol., 32, pp. 541-545Al-Salem, I.H., Al-Awadli, A.M., The expression of rheumatoidarthritis in Kuwaiti patients in an outpatient hospital-basedpractice (2004) Med Princ Pract., 13, pp. 47-50Badsha, H., Kong, K.O., Tak, P.P., Rheumatoid arthritis in theUnited Arab Emirates (2008) Clinical Rheumatology., 27, pp. 739-742Netto, A.P., A necessidade imediata de um novo Censo Nacionalde Diabetes. http://www.diabetes.org.br/educacao-continuada/492, Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes. 2006. Avaliablefrom: (Accessed on April 15, 2013)Brown, K.K., Rheumatoid lung disease (2007) Proc Am Thorac Soc., 4, pp. 443-448Michael, K., Wolfe, F., Trends in medication use by 10,982rheumatoid arthritis patients in the United States from 1998 to 2005: biological use now at 40% (2006) Ann Rheum Dis., 65, pp. 3-11Da Mota, L.M.H., Laurindo, I.M.M., Santos Neto, L.L., Característicasdemográficas e clinicas de uma coorte de pacientes comartrite reumatoide inicial (2010) Rev Bras Reumatol., 50, pp. 235-248Vaz, A.E., Faria Junior, W.A., Lazarski, C.F.S., Carmo, H.F., RochaSobrinho, H.M., Perfil epidemiológico de pacientes portadoresde artrite reumatoide em um hospital escola de medicina emGoiânia (2013), 46, pp. 141-153. , Goiás, Brasil, Medicina (Ribeirão Preto

Demographic And Clinical Features Of Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis In Piauí, Brazil--evaluation Of 98 Patients

Brazilian epidemiological studies on rheumatoid arthritis are scarce, mainly in the northeast; thus many data currently available originate from the international literature. To describe demographic, clinical and serological characteristics of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) followed-up by the same physician, in state of Piauí, Brazil. Data were collected between August 2010 and March 2013, in three health services of Piauí that provided health care in Rheumatology: a university-affiliated hospital, a public outpatient clinic and a private clinic. The numbers represent mean ± SD or percentage: 47.5±11.03 years-old non-Caucasian woman, non-smoker (59.2%), low educational level, mean disease duration of 7.7 years ± 7.6, and major extra-articular manifestations were rheumatoid nodules (19.4%) and sicca syndrome (46.9%). Features of rheumatoid arthritis obtained in this study are similar to those found in some national and international studies, but we observed higher female preponderance and illiteracy rate, in addition to a moderately severe erosive disease on average, with frequent sicca and other extra-articular manifestations.São escassos os estudos epidemiológicos brasileiros sobre artrite reumatoide, sobretudo no Nordeste; assim, muitos dados atualmente disponíveis têm sua origem na literatura internacional. Objetivos: Descrever as características demográficas, clínicas e so545360365sem informaçãosem informaçãoBrazilian epidemiological studies on rheumatoid arthritis are scarce, mainly in the northeast; thus many data currently available originate from the international literature. To describe demographic, clinical and serological characteristics of patients w

Bisphosphonate-related Osteonecrosis Of The Jaws

Bisphosphonates are potent inhibitors of bone resorption, and are used in the treatment of osteoporosis and other diseases that cause bone mass loss, such as Paget's disease, bone metastases, and multiple myeloma, to prevent pathological fractures. Since 2003, avascular osteonecrosis of the jaw has been associated with the use of bisphosphonates, mainly intravenous. According to the literature, the occurrence of osteonecrosis of the jaw has ranged from 0.8% to 12% of the patients on bisphosphonates, most of them on prolonged use. Physicians and odontologists should be aware of that potential complication in dental treatment. © Elsevier Editora Ltda.514401407Rodan, G.A., Reszka, A.A., Bisphosphonate mechanism of action (2002) Curr Mol Med, 2 (6), pp. 571-577Little, D.G., Peat, R.A., McEvoy, A., Williams, P.R., Smith, E.J., Baldock, P.A., Zoledronic acid treatment results in retention of femoral head structure after traumatic osteonecrosis in young Wistar rats (2003) J Bone Miner Res, 18 (11), pp. 2016-2022Astrand, J., Aspenberg, P., Systemic alendronate prevents resorption of necrotic bone during revascularization. A bone chamber study in rats (2002) BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 7 (3), p. 19Conte, P., Guarneri, V., Safety of intravenous and oral bisphosphonates and compliance with dosing regimens (2004) Oncologist, 9 (SUPPL. 4), pp. 28-37Diego, R., D'orto, O., Pagani, D., Agazzi, A., Marzano, U., Derada Troletti, G., Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaws: A therapeutic dilemma (2007) Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 103 (3), pp. e1-e5Major, P., Lortholary, A., Hon, J., Abdi, E., Mills, G., Menssen, H.D., Zoledronic acid is superior to pamidronate in the treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy: A pooled analysis of two randomized, controlled clinical trials (2001) J Clin Oncol, 19 (2), pp. 558-567Fleisch, H., Bisphosphonates: Mechanisms of action (1998) Endocr Rev, 19 (1), pp. 80-100Marx, R.E., Pamidronate (Aredia) and zoledronate (Zometa) induced avascular necrosis of the jaws: A growing epidemic (2003) J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 61 (9), pp. 1115-1117Hohnecker, J.A., Novartis "Dear Doctor" precautions added to label of Aredia and Zometa (2009) J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 67 (5 SUPPL), pp. 2-12. , September 24, 2004, Citado por Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Assael LA, Landesberg R, Marx RE, Mehrotra B. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws - 2009 updateRuggiero, S.L., Dodson, T.B., Assael, L.A., Landesberg, R., Marx, R.E., Mehrotra, B., American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws--2009 update (2009) J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 67 (5 SUPPL), pp. 2-12. , American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeonsKhosla, S., Burr, D., Cauley, J., Dempster, D.W., Ebeling, P.R., Felsenberg, D., Bisphosphonate-Associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: Report of a Task Force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (2007) J Bone Miner Res, 22 (10), pp. 1479-1491Yoneda, T., Hagino, H., Sugimoto, T., Ohta, H., Takahashi, S., Soen, S., Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: Position paper from the Allied Task Force Committee of Japanese Society for Bone and Mineral Research, Japan Osteoporosis Society, Japanese Society of Periodontology, Japanese Society for Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, and Japanese Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (2010) J Bone Miner Metab, 28, pp. 365-383Wessel, J.H., Dodson, T.B., Zavras, A.I., Zoledronate, smoking, and obesity are strong risk factors for osteonecrosis of the jaw: A case-control study (2008) J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 66 (4), pp. 625-631Ruggiero, S.L., Mehrotra, B., Rosenberg, T.J., Engroff, S., Osteonecrosis of the jaws associated with the use of bisphosphonates: A review of 63 cases (2004) J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 62, pp. 527-534Marx, R.E., Sawatari, Y., Fortin, M., Broumand, V., Bisphosphonate-induced exposed bone (osteonecrosis\osteopetrosis) of the jaws: Risk factors, recognition, prevention and treatment (2005) J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 63, pp. 1567-1575Mavrokokki, T., Cheng, A., Stein, B., Goss, A., Nature and frequency of bisphosphonate- associated osteonecrosis of the jaws in Australia (2007) J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 65, pp. 415-423Ault, A., Jaw necrosis affects 1 in 1,700 on oral bisphosphonates (2008) Internal Medicine News, 41, p. 23. , (Aug 1)Bamias, A., Kastritis, E., Bamia, C., Moulopoulos, L.A., Melakopoulos, I., Bozas, G., Osteonecrosis of the jaw in cancer after treatment with bisphosphonates: Incidence and risk factors (2005) J Clin Oncol, 23 (34), pp. 8580-8587Hoff, A.O., Toth, B.B., Altundag, K., Johnson, M.M., Warneke, C.L., Hu, M., Frequency and risk factors associated with osteonecrosis of the jaw in cancer patients treated with intravenous bisphosphonates (2008) J Bone Miner Res, 23 (6), pp. 826-836Zervas, K., Verrou, E., Teleioudis, Z., Vahtsevanos, K., Banti, A., Mihou, D., Incidence, risk factors and management of osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients with multiple myeloma: A single-centre experience in 303 patients (2006) Br J Haematol, 134 (6), pp. 620-623Bamias, A., Kastritis, E., Bamia, C., Moulopoulos, L.A., Melakopoulos, I., Bozas, G., Osteonecrosis of the jaw in cancer after treatment with bisphosphonates: Incidence and risk factors (2005) J Clin Oncol, 23 (34), pp. 8580-8587Dimopoulos, M.A., Kastritis, E., Bamia, C., Melakopoulos, I., Gika, D., Roussou, M., Reduction of osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) after implementation of preventive measures in patients with multiple myeloma treated with zoledronic acid (2009) Ann Oncol, 20 (1), pp. 117-120Ripamonti, C.I., Maniezzo, M., Campa, T., Fagnoni, E., Brunelli, C., Saibene, G., Decreased occurrence of osteonecrosis of the jaw after implementation of dental preventive measures in solid tumor patients with bone metastases treated with bisphosphonates. The experience of the National Cancer Institute of Milan (2009) Ann Oncol, 20 (1), pp. 137-14

Wrist ultrasound analysis of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis

In the present study, we evaluated 42 wrists using the semi-quantitative scales power Doppler ultrasound (PDUS) and gray scale ultrasound (GSUS) with scores ranging from 0 to 3 and correlated the results with clinical, laboratory and radiographic data. Twenty-one patients (17 women and 4 men) with rheumatoid arthritis according to criteria of the American College of Rheumatology were enrolled in the study from September 2008 to July 2009 at Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP). The average disease duration was 14 months. The patients were 66.6% Caucasians and 33.3% non-Caucasians, with a mean age of 42 and 41 years, respectively. A dorsal longitudinal scan was performed by ultrasound on the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints using GE LOGIQ XP-linear ultrasound and a high frequency (8-10 MHz) transducer. All patients were X-rayed, and the Larsen score was determined for the joints, with grades ranging from 0 to V. This study showed significant correlations between clinical, sonographic and laboratory data: GSUS and swollen right wrist (r = 0.546), GSUS of right wrist and swelling of left wrist (r = 0.511), PDUS of right wrist and pain in left wrist (r = 0.436), PDUS of right wrist and C-reactive protein (r = 0.466). Ultrasound can be considered a useful tool in the diagnosis of synovitis in early rheumatoid arthritis mainly when the anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide and rheumatoid factor are negative, and can lead to an early change in the therapeutic decision

Characterization Of Uveitis In Ankylosing Spondylitis [caracterização Da Uveíte Na Espondilite Anquilosante]

Objective: To analyze the clinical picture and outcome of uveitis in a series of 207 patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Methods: Retrospective study (1988-2001) analyzing 207 patients with diagnosis of AS according to the modified New York criteria. All patients were submited to complete clinical (axial and peripheral involvement, heel enthesopathies, extra-articular manifestations) and radiological (sacroiliac, lumbar, dorsal and cervical spine) investigation, HLA-B27 evaluation (and respective alleles, whenever possible), were searched. These data were compared with the occurrence of uveitis during the follow-up of the AS patients. Results: Thirty patients (14.5%) presented 55 episodes of acute unilateral anterior uveitis. Twenty seven patients had active articular disease at the moment of the uveitis crisis, while three patients were inactive. One patient, in treatment of lung tuberculosis, presented a single episode of posterior uveitis. Among the uveitis in AS patients, there was predominance of male sex (82.6%), Caucasoid race (77.8%), adult-onset AS (83.1%), positive HLA-B27 (79.2%) and absence of familial history of AS (84.5%). There was statistical association between uveitis and juvenile-onset AS (p = 0.0094) and achillean (p = 0.0003) and plantar (p = 0.0067) enthesopathies. No patient presented severe ophthalmologic sequelae of uveitis. Sulfasalazine (1 to 2 g, daily) was prescribed to 16 patients, for a minimum period of six months. Conclusions: Acute anterior uveitis was common in the follow-up of AS patients in this casuistic, associated to the juvenile-onset of the disease and to the enthesopharic involvement of the lower limbs.436343346Hamideh, F., Prete, P.E., Ophthalmologic manifestations of rheumatic diseases (2001) Semin Arthritis Rheum, 30, pp. 217-241Rosenbaum, J.T., An algorithm for the systemic evaluation of patients with uveitis: Guidelines for the consultant (1990) Semin Arthritis Rheum, 19, pp. 248-257Rothova, A., Buitenhuis, H.J., Meenken, C., Uveitis and systemic disease (1992) Br J Ophthalmol, 76, pp. 137-141McCannel, C.A., Holland, G.N., Helm, C.J., Causes of uveitis in the general practice of ophthalmology (1996) Am J Ophthalmol, 121, pp. 35-46Tay-Kearney, M.L., Schwam, B.L., Lowder, C., Clinical features and associated systemic diseases of HLA-B27 uveitis (1996) Am J Ophthalmol, 121, pp. 47-56Bañares, A., Jover, J.A., Fernandez-Gutierrez, B., Patterns of uveitis as a guide in making rheumatologic and immunologic diagnoses (1997) Arthritis Rheum, 40, pp. 358-370Kotaniemi, K., Aho, K., Kotaniemi, A., Uveitis as a cause of visual loss in arthritides and comparable conditions (2001) J Rheumatol, 28, pp. 309-312Bañares, A., Hernández-Garcia, C., Fernández- Gutiérrez, B., Jover, J.A., Eye involvement in the spondyloarthropathies (1998) Rheum Dis Clin North Am, 24, pp. 771-784Khan, M.A., Ankylosing spondylitis: Clinical aspects (1998) The Spondylarthritides, pp. 27-40. , Em Calin A, Taurog JD Editores, Oxford, Oxford University PressRosenbaum, J.T., Acute anterior uveitis and spondyloarthropathies (1992) Rheum Dis Clin North Am, 18, pp. 143-151Martin, T.M., Smith, J.R., Rosenbaum, J.T., Anterior uveitis: Current concepts of pathogenesis and interactions with the spondyloarthropathies (2002) Curr Opin Rheumatol, 14, pp. 337-341Linssen, A., Meenken, C., Outcomes of HLA-B27-positive and HLA-B27-negative acute anterior uveitis (1995) Am J Ophthalmol, 120, pp. 351-361Konno, Y., Numaga, J., Tsuchiya, N., HLA-B27 subtypes and HLA class II alleles in Japanese patients with anterior uveitis (1999) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 40, pp. 1838-1844Islam, S.M.M., Numaga, J., Fujino, Y., HLA-DR8 and acute anterior uveitis in ankylosing spondylitis (1995) Arthritis Rheum, 38, pp. 547-550Carvalho, M.A.P., Campos, W.R., Araújo, C.A.A., Lacerda, R.R., Oréfice, F., Uveítes anteriores nào granulomatosas, espondiloartropatias e HLA-B27. (1999) Rev Bras Reumatol, 39, pp. 195-202Trevisani, V.F., Mattos, K.T., Esteves, R.F., Olialves, S.M., Andrade, L.E., Auto-antibodies specificity in acute anterior uveitis according to the presence of the HLA-B27 allele (2001) Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 9, pp. 231-242Van der Linden, S., Valkenburg, H.A., Cats, A., Evaluation of diagnostic criteria for ankylosing spondylitis: A proposal for modification of the New York criteria (1984) Arthritis Rheum, 27, pp. 361-368Sampaio-Barros, P.D., Bértolo, M.B., Kraemer, M.H.S., Marques Neto, J.F., Samara, A.M., Primary ankylosing spondylitis: Patterns of disease in a group of 147 Brazilian patients (2001) J Rheumatol, 28, pp. 560-565Khan, M.A., Update on spondyloarthropathies (2002) Ann Intern Med, 136, pp. 896-907Reveille, J.D., Ball, E.J., Khan, M.A., HLA-B27 and genetic predisposing factors in spondyloarthropathies (2001) Curr Opin Rheumatol, 13, pp. 265-272Gonzalez, S., Garcia-Fernandez, S., Martinez-Borra, J., High variability of HLA-B27 alleles in ankylosing spondylitis and related spondyloarthropathies in the population of northern Spain (2002) Hum Immunol, 63, pp. 673-676Conde, R.A., Sampaio-Uarros, P.D., Donadi, E.A., Frequency of the HLA-B27 alleles in Brazilian patients with ankylosing spondylitis J Rheumatol (subnietido para publicaçào)Smith, J.R., Rosenbaum, J.T., Management of uveitis. A rheumatologic perspective (2002) Arthritis Rheum, 46, pp. 309-318Dougados, M., Berenbaum, F., Maetzel, A., Amor, B., Prévention des épisodes d'úvéite antéricure aigue des spondylarthropathies par la salazosulfapyridine. (1993) Rev Rhum, 60, pp. 81-83Benitez-del-Castillo, J.M., Garcia-Sanchez, J., Iradier, T., Bañares, A., Sulfasalazine in the prevention of anterior uveitis associated with ankylosing spondylitis (2000) Eye, 14, pp. 340-343Dougados, M., Van der Linden, S., Leirisalo-Repo, M., Sulfasalazine in the treatment of spondylarthropathies: A randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (1995) Arthritis Rheum, 38, pp. 618-627Clegg, D.O., Reda, D.J., Abdellatif, M., Comparison of sulfasalazine and placebo for the treatment of axial and peripheral articular manifestations of the seronegative spondylarthropathies (1999) Arthritis Rheum, 42, pp. 2325-2329Sampaio-Barros, P.D., Costallat, L.T.L., Bertolo, M.B., Marques Neto, J.F., Samara, A.M., Methotrexate in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis (2000) Scand J Rheumatol, 29, pp. 160-162Braun, J., Brandt, J., Listing, J., Treatment of active ankylosing spondylitis with infliximab: A randomized controlled multicentre trial (2002) Lancet, 359, pp. 1187-1193Van den Bosch, F., Kruithof, E., Baeten, D., Randomized double-blind comparison of chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor alfa (infliximab) versus placebo in active spondylarthropathy (2002) Arthritis Rheum, 46, pp. 755-765Gorman, J.D., Sack, K.E., Davis Jr., J.C., Treatment of ankylosing spondylitis by inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alfa (2002) N Engl J Med, 346, pp. 1349-1356Smith, J.R., Levinson, R.D., Holland, G.N., Differential efficacy of tumor necrosis factor inhibition in the management of inflammatory eye disease and associated rheumatic disease (2001) Arthritis Care Res, 45, pp. 252-257ReifF, A., Takei, S., Sadeghi, S., Etanercept therapy in children with treatment-resistant uveitis (2001) Arthritis Rheum, 44, pp. 1411-141