28,896 research outputs found
Anion–arene adducts: C–H hydrogen bonding, anion– interaction, and carbon bonding motifs
This article summarizes experimental and theoretical evidence for the existence of four distinct binding modes for complexes of anions with charge-neutral arenes. These include C–H hydrogen bonding and three motifs involving the arene– system—the noncovalent anion– interaction, weakly covalent interaction, and strongly covalent interaction
Primordial Non-Gaussianity in the Cosmic Microwave Background
In the last few decades, advances in observational cosmology have given us a
standard model of cosmology. We know the content of the universe to within a
few percent. With more ambitious experiments on the way, we hope to move beyond
the knowledge of what the universe is made of, to why the universe is the way
it is. In this review paper we focus on primordial non-Gaussianity as a probe
of the physics of the dynamics of the universe at the very earliest moments. We
discuss 1) theoretical predictions from inflationary models and their
observational consequences in the cosmic microwave background (CMB)
anisotropies; 2) CMB--based estimators for constraining primordial
non-Gaussianity with an emphasis on bispectrum templates; 3) current
constraints on non-Gaussianity and what we can hope to achieve in the near
future; and 4) non-primordial sources of non-Gaussianities in the CMB such as
bispectrum due to second order effects, three way cross-correlation between
primary-lensing-secondary CMB, and possible instrumental effects.Comment: 27 pages, 8 figures; Invited Review for the Journal "Advances in
Astronomy"; references adde
Quantum Computing with an 'Always On' Heisenberg Interaction
Many promising ideas for quantum computing demand the experimental ability to
directly switch 'on' and 'off' a physical coupling between the component
qubits. This is typically the key difficulty in implementation, and precludes
quantum computation in generic solid state systems, where interactions between
the constituents are 'always on'. Here we show that quantum computation is
possible in strongly coupled (Heisenberg) systems even when the interaction
cannot be controlled. The modest ability of 'tuning' the transition energies of
individual qubits proves to be sufficient, with a suitable encoding of the
logical qubits, to generate universal quantum gates. Furthermore, by tuning the
qubits collectively we provide a scheme with exceptional experimental
simplicity: computations are controlled via a single 'switch' of only six
settings. Our schemes are applicable to a wide range of physical
implementations, from excitons and spins in quantum dots through to bulk
magnets.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figs, 2 column format. To appear in PR
Study of quantum current enhancement, eigenenergy spectra and magnetic moments in a multiply connected system at equilibrium
A multiply connected system in both its open and closed form variations but
in equilibrium is studied using quantum waveguide theory. The system exhibits
remarkable features, in its open form variation we see current enhancement,
hitherto seen only in non-equilibrium systems in absence of magnetic flux. In
its closed form analog parity effects are broken. Further we analyse the global
and local current densities of our system and also show that the orbital
magnetic response of the system calculated from the current densities (and
inherently linked to the topological configuration) is qualitatively not same
as that calculated from the eigenenergy spectra.Comment: 10 pages, 15 figures, 3 table
Re-entrant magnetic field induced charge and spin gaps in the coupled dual-chain quasi-one dimensional organic conductor Perylene[Pt(mnt)]
An inductive method is used to follow the magnetic field-dependent
susceptibility of the coupled charge density wave (CDW) and spin-Peierls (SP)
ordered state behavior in the dual chain organic conductor
Perylene[Pt(mnt)]. In addition to the coexisting SP-CDW state phase
below 8 K and 20 T, the measurements show that a second spin-gapped phase
appears above 20 T that coincides with a field-induced insulating phase. The
results support a strong coupling of the CDW and SP order parameters even in
high magnetic fields, and provide new insight into the nature of the magnetic
susceptibility of dual-chain spin and charge systems.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figure
Will Carbon Find a Home on the Range? A Monte Carlo Simulation
Rangeland Carbon Sequestration, Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Land Economics/Use,
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Eagle Syndrome: A Rare Case of Atraumatic, Painful Cervical Neck Swelling
Introduction: Painful neck swelling is a common emergency complaint but can present diagnostic challenges. Eagle syndrome is a rare clinical entity in which a pathologically elongated styloid process or ossified stylohyoid ligament produces a constellation of symptoms in the head and neck region.Case Report: We present the case of a 50-year-old male with a spontaneous, atraumatic fracture of an elongated styloid process associated with hematoma formation and radiological findings of airway impingement.Discussion: The classic triad for Eagle syndrome consists of unilateral cervicofacial pain, globus sensation, and dysphagia. Diagnosis of Eagle syndrome should be made based on a combination of physical examination and radiological findings. Treatment options vary based on severity of symptoms.Conclusion: Although more likely to be an indolent and progressive complaint, providers in the acute care setting should be familiar with Eagle syndrome due to the potential for a spontaneous fracture of an elongated styloid process to cause acute, painful neck swelling and life-threatening airway compromise
A Cosmic Variance Cookbook
Deep pencil beam surveys (<1 deg^2) are of fundamental importance for
studying the high-redshift universe. However, inferences about galaxy
population properties are in practice limited by 'cosmic variance'. This is the
uncertainty in observational estimates of the number density of galaxies
arising from the underlying large-scale density fluctuations. This source of
uncertainty can be significant, especially for surveys which cover only small
areas and for massive high-redshift galaxies. Cosmic variance for a given
galaxy population can be determined using predictions from cold dark matter
theory and the galaxy bias. In this paper we provide tools for experiment
design and interpretation. For a given survey geometry we present the cosmic
variance of dark matter as a function of mean redshift z and redshift bin size
Dz. Using a halo occupation model to predict galaxy clustering, we derive the
galaxy bias as a function of mean redshift for galaxy samples of a given
stellar mass range. In the linear regime, the cosmic variance of these galaxy
samples is the product of the galaxy bias and the dark matter cosmic variance.
We present a simple recipe using a fitting function to compute cosmic variance
as a function of the angular dimensions of the field, z, Dz and stellar mass
m*. We also provide tabulated values and a software tool. We find that for
GOODS at z=2 and with Dz=0.5 the relative cosmic variance of galaxies with
m*>10^11 Msun is ~38%, while it is ~27% for GEMS and ~12% for COSMOS. For
galaxies of m*~10^10 Msun the relative cosmic variance is ~19% for GOODS, ~13%
for GEMS and ~6% for COSMOS. This implies that cosmic variance is a significant
source of uncertainty at z=2 for small fields and massive galaxies, while for
larger fields and intermediate mass galaxies cosmic variance is less serious.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, 5 tables, submitted to Ap
Single-Species Three-Particle Reactions in One Dimension
Renormalization group calculations for fluctuation-dominated
reaction-diffusion systems are generally in agreement with simulations and
exact solutions. However, simulations of the single-species reactions
3A->(0,A,2A) at their upper critical dimension d_c=1 have found asymptotic
densities argued to be inconsistent with renormalization group predictions. We
show that this discrepancy is resolved by inclusion of the leading corrections
to scaling, which we derive explicitly and show to be universal, a property not
shared by the A+A->(0,A) reactions. Finally, we demonstrate that two previous
Smoluchowski approaches to this problem reduce, with various corrections, to a
single theory which yields, surprisingly, the same asymptotic density as the
renormalization group.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figs, minor correction
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