The 'qualis' System (brazil) In An Interdisciplinary-ecological Context

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Dietary Changes Over Time In A Caiçara Community From The Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Because they are occurring at an accelerated pace, changes in the livelihoods of local coastal communities, including nutritional aspects, have been a subject of interest in human ecology. The aim of this study is to explore the dietary changes, particularly in the consumption of animal protein, that have taken place in Puruba Beach, a rural community of caiçaras on the São Paulo Coast, Brazil, over the 10-yr period from 1992-1993 to 2002-2003. Data were collected during six months in 1992-1993 and during the same months in 2002-2003 using the 24-hr recall method. We found an increasing dependence on external products in the most recent period, along with a reduction in fish consumption and in the number of fish species eaten. These changes, possibly associated with other nonmeasured factors such as overfishing and unplanned tourism, may cause food delocalization and a reduction in the use of natural resources. Although the consequences for conservation efforts in the Atlantic Forest and the survival of the caiçaras must still be evaluated, these local inhabitants may be finding a way to reconcile both the old and the new dietary patterns by keeping their houses in the community while looking for sources of income other than natural resources. The prospect shown here may reveal facets that can influence the maintenance of this and other communities undergoing similar processes by, for example, shedding some light on the ecological and economical processes that mav occur within their environment and in turn affect the conservation of the resources upon which the locai inhabitants depend. Copyright © 2006 by the author(s). 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Fishers' Knowledge On The Coast Of Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Although fishers' knowledge has been recently considered into management programmes, there is still the need to establish a better understanding of fishers' perceptions and cognition. Fishers can provide novel information on the biology and ecology of species, which can potentially be used in the management of fisheries. The knowledge fishers have and how they classify nature is empirically based. It is common, for example, to observe that fishers' taxonomy is often represented by the generic level, one of the hierarchical categories of folk classification that is somewhat analogous to the Linnean genus, as it groups organisms of a higher rank than the folk species. In this study we compiled the knowledge fishers have on local fish, such as their folk names, diet and habitat. Methods: Five coastal communities widely distributed along the Brazilian coast were studied: two from the northeast (Porto Sauipe and Itacimirim, in Bahia State, n of interviewees = 34), two from the southeast (Itaipu at Niteroi and Copacabana at Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State, n = 35) and one from the south coast (Pantano do Sul, in Santa Catarina State, n = 23). Fish pictures were randomly ordered and the same order was presented to all interviewees (n = 92), when they were then asked about the species name and classification and its habitat and diet preferences. Results: Fishers make clusters of fish species, usually hierarchically; fishers of the coast of Brazil use mostly primary lexemes (generic names) to name fish; and fishers did not differentiate between scientific species, since the same folk generic name included two different scientific species. Fishers provide information on species to which there is scarce or no information on diet and habitat, such as Rhinobatos percellens (chola guitarfish, arraia viola or cacao viola), Sphoeroides dorsalis (marbled puffer, baiacu), Mycteroperca acutirostris (comb grouper, badejo) and Dasyatis guttata (longnose stingray, arraia, arraia manteiga). Conclusions: fishers' knowledge on fish diet and fish habitat can be strategic to management, since their knowledge concentrates on the fishery target species, which are the ones under higher fishing pressure. Besides,12FAPESP [Fapesp 01/00718-1, 04/02301-9, Fapesp 14/16939-7, 14/24994-8]CNPQ[2014/24994-8]Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Temporal Stability In Fishing Spots: Conservation And Co-management In Brazilian Artisanal Coastal Fisheries

The management of small-scale artisanal fisheries in Brazil should be a priority because of their importance as a source of food for internal markets and their location in sites with high biodiversity, such as the Atlantic Forest coast. Fishing spots, territories, and sea tenure have been widely studied within artisanal fisheries, and, in this study, a fishing spot of this type may be a defended area or an area that imposes rules for users, making the exclusion of outsiders feasible, or even a place in which fishing occurs with some exclusivity. This analysis takes into account the importance of fishing areas for the conservation of artisanal fishing in Brazil and the relative temporal stability of these areas. In particular, examples of the use of the marine space on the coast of Brazil in areas such as Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Bahia States are presented. Fishing spots used by artisanal fishers were marked using a Global Positioning System (GPS). An informal division of the marine space and high temporal stability, often in the range of 10-30 yr, in the use of the fishing spots were found. For some fishing areas, information published in the 1960s provided a relevant comparison for the current use of the fishing spots at sea. Such information is very helpful for the management of artisanal fishing in Brazil because tourism has increased in some areas, recreational fishers have been fishing in marine spots used by artisanal fishers, and industrial fishers are spread over a wide range of the marine space in these coastal waters. This stability in the use of marine space among artisanal fishers plus local rules support the case for local co-management of artisanal fisheries. Reserving areas for artisanal fishers and understanding the behavior of other users are essential aspects for the management and conservation of artisanal fishing in Brazil. 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(1998) Human Ecology, 26 (1), pp. 43-66Seixas, C.S., Instituiçôes e manejo pesqueiro: O caso da Lagoa de Ibiraquera S. C (2004) Ecologia De Pescadores Da Mata Atlântica E Da Amazônia, pp. 285-312. , A. Begossi, editor. Editora Hucitec, São Paulo, BrazilSeixas, C.S., Barriers to local-level participatory ecosystem assessment and management in Brazil (2004), http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/bridging/papers/ seixas.cristiana.pdf, [online] URLSeixas, C.S., Begossi, A., Do fishers have territories? The use of fishing grounds at Aventureiro (Ilha Grande, Brazil) (1998) Digital Library of the Commons, , http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/archive/00000155/, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA. [online] URLSeixas, C.S., Berkes, F., Dynamics of social-ecological changes in a lagoon fishery in southern Brazil (2003) Navigating Socio-ecological Systems, pp. 271-298. , F. Berkes, J. Colding, and C. Folke, editors. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UKSen, S., Nielsen, J.R., Fisheries co-management: A comparative analysis (1996) Marine Policy, 20, pp. 405-418Silva, P.P., From common property to co-management: Lessons from Brazil's first maritime extractive reserve (2004) Marine Policy, 28, pp. 419-428Silvano, R.A.M., Pesca artesanal e etnoictiologia (2004) Ecologia De Pescadores Da Mata Atlântica E Da Amazônia, pp. 187-222. , A. Begossi, editor. Editora Hucitec, São Paulo, Brazilvan der Burg, T., Neo-classical economics: Institutional economics and improved fisheries management (2000) Marine Policy, 24, pp. 45-51Wilson, D.C., Nielsen, R., Degnbol, P., (2003) Fisheries Co-management Experiences in Latin America and the Caribbean, , Fish and Fisheries Series, Number 26. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The NetherlandsWilson, J., Scientific uncertainty, complex systems, and the design of common-pool institutions (2002) The Drama of the Commons, pp. 327-359. , E. Ostrom, T. Diez, N. Dolsak, P. C. Stern, S. Stonich, and E. U. Weber, editors. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., US

Food taboos and folk medicine among fishermen from the Tocantins River (Brazil)

Fish utilization for food and folk medicine, and fish preference of families from the Tocantins river were studied. Questionnaires were used in the 234 interviews performed in cities, towns and scatteres houses located along 100 km of river stretch. Curimatí (Prochilodus nigricans) is the most consumed fish and pacu-manteiga (Mylossoma duriventre) the most preferred species. The fish species avoided are correlated with the species used in folk medicine (r_s = 0,54, p < 0.02). Food taboos, or fish species not consumed during illness, are also cited. The usefulness of fish species for folk medicine and the piscivorous habits of most fish quoted as not consumed partially explain the food choices of fishermen. These explanations conform to materialist theories in cultural ecology

The Paraty Artisanal Fishery (southeastern Brazilian Coast): Ethnoecology And Management Of A Social-ecological System (ses)

This study intends to give recommendations to the management of Paraty fishery in Brazil through an interplay of local and scientific knowledge. In particular, the objectives are the following: 1) to describe the Paraty fishery; 2) to compare the fishermen's local ecological knowledge with recorded fish landings and previous studies in Paraty; 3) to combine the data on local fishing and on local/Caiçara livelihoods with the SES (social-ecological systems) Model. The methods include a systematic survey of fishing in Tarituba and Praia Grande, which are located in the northern end and the central part of the Paraty municipality, respectively. For four days each month, systematic data on catches at landing points were collected, as well as macroscopic gonad analysis data for the fishes Centropomus parallelus and C. undecimalis (snook, robalo), Epinephelus marginatus (grouper, garoupa), Scomberomorus cavalla (King mackerel, cavala), and Lutjanus synagris (Lane snapper, vermelho). Spring and summer are important seasons during which some species reproduce, and the integration of fishing periods for some target species could assist in fishing management through the use of closed seasons. Fishermen could obtain complementary earnings from tourism and from the " defeso system" (closed season including a salary payment) to conserve fishing stocks. The SES model facilitates an understanding of the historical context of fishing, its economic importance for local livelihoods, the constraints from conservation measures that affect fishermen, and the management processes that already exist, such as the defeso. If used to integrate fishing with complementary activities (tourism), such a system could improve the responsibility of fishermen regarding the conservation of fish stocks. © 2012 Begossi et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.8Acheson, J., The lobster fiefs: economic and ecological effects of territoriality in the Maine lobster industry (1975) Hum Ecol, 3, pp. 183-187Acheson, J., (2003) Capturing the commons, , New England: University Press of New EnglandMcCay, B.J., Acheson, J.M., (1987) The Question of the Commons: The Culture and Ecology ofCommunal Resources, , Tucson: University of Arizona PressJohannes, R.E., (1981) Words of the lagoon Berkeley, , University of California PressJohannes, R.E., The Renaissance of community-based marine resourcemanagementin Oceania (2002) Annu Rev Ecol Syst, 33, pp. 317-340Huntington, H.P., The local perspective (2011) Nature, 478, p. 183Berkes, F., Fishermen and the " Tragedy of the Commons" (1985) Environ Conserv, 12, pp. 199-206Berkes, F., (1989) Common property-resources, , London: Belhaven PressBerkes, F., (2008) Sacred Ecology, Sacred Ecology, , New York and London: Routledge, 2Berkes, F., Shifting perspectives on resource management: Resilience and the Reconceptualization of 'Natural Resources' and 'Management (2010) MAST, 9 (1), pp. 13-40Ostrom, E., (1990) Governing the commons, , Princeton U: PressOstrom, E., (2005) Understanding Institutional Diversity, , Princeton University PressGelcich, S., Hughes, T.P., Olsson, P., FolkeC, D.M., Fernandez, M., Foale, S., Gunderson, L.H., Castilla, J.S., Navigating transformations in governance of Chilean marine coastal resources (2011) PNAS, 107 (39), pp. 16794-16799La Pesca continental enAmaerica Latina: sucontribución económica y social e instrumentos normativos asociados, Documento Ocasional 11. Roma2008 (2008) La pesca continental en América Latina: su contribución económica y social e instrumentos normativos asociados. COPESCAL Documento Ocasional. No. 11. Roma, FAO., , ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/011/i0160s/i0160s00.pdf, Valbo-Jørgensen J, Soto D, Gumy A, 28p. available at: Copescal/FAOOliveira, L.E.C., Begossi, A., Last Trip Return Rate Influence Patch Choice decisions of small-scale shrimp Trawlers: Optimal foraging in São Francisco, Coastal Brazil (2011) Hum Ecol, 39, pp. 323-332Lopes, P.F., Begossi, A., Decision-making processes by small-scale fishermen on the southeast coast of Brazil (2011) Fish Manag EcolEngels, F., (1987) 1883 (1976). A Dialética da Natureza, , London: Western Philosophy.Penguin Books, Terra Paz e, Janeiro Rio, Hamlyn DWSilvano, R.A.M., Valbo-Jorgensen, J., Beyond fishermeńs tales: contributions of fisherś local ecological knowledge to fish ecology and fisheries management (2008) Environ Dev Sustain, 10, pp. 657-675Ruddle, K., Systems of knowledge: dialogue, relationships and process (2000) Environ Dev Sustain, 3-4, pp. 277-304Ruddle, K., Davis, A., What is " Ecological" in Local Ecological Knowledge?Lessons from Canada and Vietnam (2011) Soc Nat Resour, 0, pp. 1-15Begossi, A., Local knowledge and training towards managementEnvironment, Development, and Sustainability (2008), 10, pp. 591-603Begossi, A., Clauzet, M., Figueiredo, J.L., Garuana, L., Lima, R.V., Lopes, P.F.M., Ramires, M., Silvano, R.A.M., Are Biological Species and Higher-Ranking Categories Real? Fish Folk Taxonomy on Brazil's Atlantic Forest Coast and in the Amazon (2008) Curr Anthropol, 49, pp. 291-306Begossi, A., Temporal stability in fishing spots: conservation and comanagement in Brazilian artisanal coastal fisheries (2006) Ecol Soc, 11 (1), p. 5. , http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss1Begossi, A., Salivonchyk, S.V., Araujo, L.C., Andreoli, T.B., Clauzet, M., Martinelli, C.M., Ferreira, A.G.L., Silvano, R.A.M., Ethnobiology of snappers (Lutjanidae): targetspecies and suggestions for management (2011) J Ethnobiol Ethnomed, 7, p. 11. , http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/7/1/11, 10.1186/1746-4269-7-11, 3068939, 21410969Begossi, A., May, P.H., Lopes, P.F.M., Oliveira, L.E.C., Vinha, V., Silvano, R.A.M., Compensation for environmental services from artisanal fisheries in SE Brazil: Policy and technical strategies (2011) Ecol Econ, 71, pp. 25-32Silvano, R.A.M., Mac Cord, P.F.M., Lima, R.V., Begossi, A., When does this fish spawn? Fishermen's local knowledge of migration and reproduction of Brazilian coastal fishes (2006) Environ Biol Fishes, 76, pp. 371-386Silvano, R.A.M., Silva, A.L., Ceroni, M., Begossi, A., Contributions of ethnobiology to the conservation of tropical rivers and streams. Aquatic Conserv (2008) Mar Freshw Ecosyst, 18, pp. 241-260Lopes, P.F.M., Silvano, R.A.M., Begossi, A., Extractive and Sustainable Development Reserves in Brazil: resilient alternatives to fisheries (2011) J Environ Plan ManagDiegues, A.C., (2004) Enciclopédia Caiçara, , São Paulo: Hucitec, IthDiegues, A.C., (2005) Enciclopédia Caiçara, , São Paulo: Hucitec, IIIthDiegues, A.C., (2005) Enciclopédia Caiçara, , São Paulo: Hucitec, IVthAcheson, J.M., Anthropology of fishing (1981) Annu Rev Anthropol, , http://cmbc.ucsd.edu/Students/Current_Students/ECON281/Acheson-1981.pdf, Available at:Mangel, M., Clark, C.W., Uncertainty, search and information in fisheries (1983) Journal of the International Council for the Exploration of the Seas, 43, pp. 93-103. , http://people.ucsc.edu/~msmangel/ICES.pdf, Available at:Ostrom, E., A diagnostic approach for going beyond panaceas (2007) PNAS, 39, pp. 15181-15187Begossi, A., Lopes, P.F.M., Oliveira, L.E.C., Nakano, H., (2010) Ecologia de pescadores da baia de Ilha Grande, , São Carlos: RimaBegossi, A., O cerco flutuante e os caiçaras do litoral norte de São Paulo, com ênfase à pesca de Trindade, RJ (2011) Interciencia, 36, pp. 803-807Begossi, A., Silvano, R.A.M., Ecology and ethnoecology of dusky grouper [garoupa, Epinephelus marginatus(Lowe, 1834)] along the coast of Brazil (2008) J Ethnobiol Ethnomed, 4, p. 20. , http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/4/1/20, 10.1186/1746-4269-4-20, 2567293, 18793394Silvano, R.A.M., Begossi, A., What can be learned from fishers? An integrated surveyof fishers' local ecological knowledge and bluefish(Pomatomussaltatrix) biology on the Brazilian coast (2010) Hydrobiologia, 637, pp. 3-18Figueiredo, J.L., (1977) Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil: introdução, , MZUSP: São PauloFigueiredo, J.L., Menezes, N.A., (1978) Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil, II, , MZUSP: São PauloFigueiredo, J.L., Menezes, N.A., (1980) Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil, III, , MZUSP: São PauloFigueiredo, J.L., Menezes, N.A., (2000) Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil, VI, , MZUSP: São PauloMarcenivk, A.P., (2005) Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 31 (2), pp. 89-101Menezes, N.A., Figueiredo, J.L., (1980) Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil, IV (3), , São Paulo: MZUSPMenezes, N.A., Figueiredo, J.L., (1985) Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil, V (4), , São Paulo: MZUSPValbo-Jørgensen, J., Poulsen, A.F., Using local knowledge as a research tool in the study of riverfish biology: Experiences from the Mekong (2000) Environ Dev Sustain, 2, pp. 253-276Froese, R., Pauly, D., FishBase (2011) World Wide Web electronic publication, , www.fishbase.org, version (08/2011)Marino, G., Azzurro, E., Finoia, M.G., Messina, M.T., Massari, A., Mandich, A., Reproduction in the dusky grouper from southern Mediterranean (2001) J Fish Biol, 58, pp. 909-927Law, R., Fishing, selection, and phenotypic evolution (2000) ICES J Mar Sci, 57, pp. 659-668Bittencourt, V.F.N., Protecao a pesca do robalo (Centropomus parallelus) na foz do Rio Mambucaba, Angra dos Reis, RJ. Revista Educacaoo Ambiental BE597, UNICAMP (2009), 2. , http://www2.ib.unicamp.br/profs/eco_aplicada/revistas/be597_vol2_6.pdf, Onlinehttp://www.anp.gov.br/brasil-rounds/round7/round7/guias_r7/sismica_r7/defeso.pdfhttp://www.mpa.gov.br/mpa/seap/Jonathan/mpa3/pesca/docs/Defeso-MARINHO-SEPOP-18-out-2011.pdfBegossi, A., The fishers and buyers from Buzios Island: kin ties and mode of production (1996) Ciencia e Cultura, 48, pp. 142-147Begossi, A., The ethnoecology of Caiçarametapopulations (Atlantic Forest, Brazil): ecological concepts and questions (2006) J Ethnobiol Ethnomed, 2, p. 40. , http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/2/1/40, 10.1186/1746-4269-2-40, 1592541, 17010204Camargo, E., Begossi, A., (2006) Os diários de campo d Ilha dos Búzios, , São Paulo: Hucitec, 3461001, 23028600Smith, E.A., WishieM, M., Conservation and subsistence in small-scale societies (2000) Annu Rev Anthropol, 29, pp. 493-524Davis, A., Ruddle, K., 2011 Constructing confidence: rational skepticism and systematic enquiryin local ecological knowledge research (2010) Ecol Appl, 20 (3), pp. 880-894. , 10.1890/09-0422.1, 2043797

Whales, dolphins or fishes? The ethnotaxonomy of cetaceans in São Sebastião, Brazil

The local knowledge of human populations about the natural world has been addressed through ethnobiological studies, especially concerning resources uses and their management. Several criteria, such as morphology, ecology, behavior, utility and salience, have been used by local communities to classify plants and animals. Studies regarding fishers' knowledge on cetaceans in the world, especially in Brazil, began in the last decade. Our objective is to investigate the folk classification by fishers concerning cetaceans, and the contribution of fishers' local knowledge to the conservation of that group. In particular, we aim to record fishers' knowledge in relation to cetaceans, with emphasis on folk taxonomy. The studied area is São Sebastião, located in the southeastern coast of Brazil, where 70 fishers from 14 communities were selected according to their fishing experience and interviewed through questionnaires about classification, nomenclature and ecological aspects of local cetaceans' species. Our results indicated that most fishers classified cetaceans as belonging to the life-form 'fish'. Fishers' citations for the nomenclature of the 11 biological species (10 biological genera), resulted in 14 folk species (3 generic names). Fishers' taxonomy was influenced mostly by the phenotypic and cultural salience of the studied cetaceans. Cultural transmission, vertical and horizontal, was intimately linked to fishers' classification process. The most salient species, therefore well recognized and named, were those most often caught by gillnets, in addition to the biggest ones and those most exposed by media, through TV programs, which were watched and mentioned by fishers. Our results showed that fishers' ecological knowledge could be a valuable contribution to cetaceans' conservation, helping to determine areas and periods for their protection, indicating priority topics for research and participating in alternative management related to the gillnet fisheries

Fishers (Paraty, RJ) and fish manipulation time: a variable associated to the choice for consumption and sale

973975Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq