A new inhibitor of the β-arrestin/AP2 endocytic complex reveals interplay between GPCR internalization and signalling.

AbstractIn addition to G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) desensitization and endocytosis, β-arrestin recruitment to ligand-stimulated GPCRs promotes non-canonical signalling cascades. Distinguishing the respective contributions of β-arrestin recruitment to the receptor and β-arrestin-promoted endocytosis in propagating receptor signalling has been limited by the lack of selective analytical tools. Here, using a combination of virtual screening and cell-based assays, we have identified a small molecule that selectively inhibits the interaction between β-arrestin and the β2-adaptin subunit of the clathrin adaptor protein AP2 without interfering with the formation of receptor/β-arrestin complexes. This selective β-arrestin/β2-adaptin inhibitor (Barbadin) blocks agonist-promoted endocytosis of the prototypical β2-adrenergic (β2AR), V2-vasopressin (V2R) and angiotensin-II type-1 (AT1R) receptors, but does not affect β-arrestin-independent (transferrin) or AP2-independent (endothelin-A) receptor internalization. Interestingly, Barbadin fully blocks V2R-stimulated ERK1/2 activation and blunts cAMP accumulation promoted by both V2R and β2AR, supporting the concept of β-arrestin/AP2-dependent signalling for both G protein-dependent and -independent pathways.</jats:p

Development and validation of the virtual screening platform VSM-G and study of the fat domain of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK)

Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire se situent dans le cadre général de la recherche de nouveaux médicaments par le biais de techniques informatiques. La première partie de ce document est centrée autour du développement de la plateforme logicielle VSM-G (Virtual Screening Manager for Grids). Le but poursuivi par ce projet est de fournir un outil convivial et simple d'utilisation afin de conduire des études de criblage virtuel à haut-débit. Le coeur de VSM-G repose sur une stratégie multi-étapes de filtres successifs permettant le traitement efficace de chimiothèques de grande taille. Deux filtres ont été utilisés pour ce travail et implémentés dans VSM-G : un programme innovant d’estimation rapide de complémentarité géométrique entre molécules-candidates et site actif (SHEF) précéde un algorithme de docking flexible plus conventionnel (GOLD). Les avantages de cette méthodologie, associée à la prise en charge de multiples conformations de la cible étudiée (le récepteur nucléaire LXRß), sont présentés tout d’abord par une étude de preuve de concept, puis à travers une campagne de criblage virtuel à grande échelle. L'autre partie de ces travaux, exclusivement applicative, concerne l'étude du domaine FAT de la kinase d'adhérence focale FAK. FAK est une cible d’intérêt pharmaceutique particulièrement intéressante, car clairement impliquée dans divers processus de développement cancéreux. Le but de cette étude est double : il s’agit tout d’abord de mieux comprendre le mode de fonctionnement du domaine FAT de FAK à travers une étude biophysique pour en évaluer la flexibilité ; et ensuite concevoir in silico des petites molécules peptidomimétiques permettant de moduler son activité, ce qui pourrait limiter une progression tumorale.The work presented here deals with drug discovery by means of computational techniques. The first part is focused around the development of the VSM-G (Virtual Screening Manager for Grids) software platform. This project aims to provide a user-friendly and easy-to-use tool for performing high throughput virtual screening experiments. The core of VSM-G is a multiple-step screening strategy in which several filters are organized sequentially as to tackle large chemical libraries efficiently. Two filters were used for this study and implemented into VSM-G: a new and fast ligand-active site geometrical complementarity estimation program (SHEF) precedes a conventional flexible docking tool (GOLD). We describe the advantages of such an approach, associated with the use of multiple target conformations for the LXRß nuclear receptor, by presenting a proof-of-concept study. A high-throughput virtual screening campaign is then performed. The second part of this work, exclusively applicative, deals with the study of the FAT domain of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK). FAK is an important pharmaceutical target due to its involvement in the development of various forms of cancer. The first goal is to gain knowledge regarding FAT flexibility and active state structural properties. The second objective is to design in silico peptidomimetic compounds targeting FAT and therefore potentially modulate FAK activity during tumour progression

Développement et validation de la plateforme de criblage virtuel VSM-G et étude du domaine FAT de la kinase d'adhérence focale FAK

The work presented here deals with drug discovery by means of computational techniques. The first part is focused around the development of the VSM-G (Virtual Screening Manager for Grids) software platform. This project aims to provide a user-friendly and easy-to-use tool for performing high throughput virtual screening experiments. The core of VSM-G is a multiple-step screening strategy in which several filters are organized sequentially as to tackle large chemical libraries efficiently. Two filters were used for this study and implemented into VSM-G: a new and fast ligand-active site geometrical complementarity estimation program (SHEF) precedes a conventional flexible docking tool (GOLD). We describe the advantages of such an approach, associated with the use of multiple target conformations for the LXRβ nuclear receptor, by presenting a proof-of-concept study. A high-throughput virtual screening campaign is then performed. The second part of this work, exclusively applicative, deals with the study of the FAT domain of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK). FAK is an important pharmaceutical target due to its involvement in the development of various forms of cancer. The first goal is to gain knowledge regarding FAT flexibility and active state structural properties. The second objective is to design in silico peptidomimetic compounds targeting FAT and therefore potentially modulate FAK activity during tumour progression.Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire se situent dans le cadre général de la recherche de nouveaux médicaments par le biais de techniques informatiques. La première partie de ce document est centrée autour du développement de la plateforme logicielle VSM-G (Virtual Screening Manager for Grids). Le but poursuivi par ce projet est de fournir un outil convivial et simple d'utilisation afin de conduire des études de criblage virtuel à haut-débit. Le coeur de VSM-G repose sur une stratégie multi-étapes de filtres successifs permettant le traitement efficace de chimiothèques de grande taille. Deux filtres ont été utilisés pour ce travail et implémentés dans VSM-G : un programme innovant d'estimation rapide de complémentarité géométrique entre molécules-candidates et site actif (SHEF) précéde un algorithme de docking flexible plus conventionnel (GOLD). Les avantages de cette méthodologie, associée à la prise en charge de multiples conformations de la cible étudiée (le récepteur nucléaire LXRβ), sont présentés tout d'abord par une étude de preuve de concept, puis à travers une campagne de criblage virtuel à grande échelle. L'autre partie de ces travaux, exclusivement applicative, concerne l'étude du domaine FAT de la kinase d'adhérence focale FAK. FAK est une cible d'intérêt pharmaceutique particulièrement intéressante, car clairement impliquée dans divers processus de développement cancéreux. Le but de cette étude est double : il s'agit tout d'abord de mieux comprendre le mode de fonctionnement du domaine FAT de FAK à travers une étude biophysique pour en évaluer la flexibilité ; et ensuite concevoir in silico des petites molécules peptidomimétiques permettant de moduler son activité, ce qui pourrait limiter une progression tumorale

Développement et validation de la plateforme de criblage virtuel VSM-G et étude du domaine FAT de la kinase d'adhérence focale FAK

Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire se situent dans le cadre général de la recherche de nouveaux médicaments par le biais de techniques informatiques. La première partie de ce document est centrée autour du développement de la plateforme logicielle VSM-G (Virtual Screening Manager for Grids). Le but poursuivi par ce projet est de fournir un outil convivial et simple d'utilisation afin de conduire des études de criblage virtuel à haut-débit. Le coeur de VSM-G repose sur une stratégie multi-étapes de filtres successifs permettant le traitement efficace de chimiothèques de grande taille. Deux filtres ont été utilisés pour ce travail et implémentés dans VSM-G : un programme innovant d estimation rapide de complémentarité géométrique entre molécules-candidates et site actif (SHEF) précéde un algorithme de docking flexible plus conventionnel (GOLD). Les avantages de cette méthodologie, associée à la prise en charge de multiples conformations de la cible étudiée (le récepteur nucléaire LXRß), sont présentés tout d abord par une étude de preuve de concept, puis à travers une campagne de criblage virtuel à grande échelle. L'autre partie de ces travaux, exclusivement applicative, concerne l'étude du domaine FAT de la kinase d'adhérence focale FAK. FAK est une cible d intérêt pharmaceutique particulièrement intéressante, car clairement impliquée dans divers processus de développement cancéreux. Le but de cette étude est double : il s agit tout d abord de mieux comprendre le mode de fonctionnement du domaine FAT de FAK à travers une étude biophysique pour en évaluer la flexibilité ; et ensuite concevoir in silico des petites molécules peptidomimétiques permettant de moduler son activité, ce qui pourrait limiter une progression tumorale.The work presented here deals with drug discovery by means of computational techniques. The first part is focused around the development of the VSM-G (Virtual Screening Manager for Grids) software platform. This project aims to provide a user-friendly and easy-to-use tool for performing high throughput virtual screening experiments. The core of VSM-G is a multiple-step screening strategy in which several filters are organized sequentially as to tackle large chemical libraries efficiently. Two filters were used for this study and implemented into VSM-G: a new and fast ligand-active site geometrical complementarity estimation program (SHEF) precedes a conventional flexible docking tool (GOLD). We describe the advantages of such an approach, associated with the use of multiple target conformations for the LXRß nuclear receptor, by presenting a proof-of-concept study. A high-throughput virtual screening campaign is then performed. The second part of this work, exclusively applicative, deals with the study of the FAT domain of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK). FAK is an important pharmaceutical target due to its involvement in the development of various forms of cancer. The first goal is to gain knowledge regarding FAT flexibility and active state structural properties. The second objective is to design in silico peptidomimetic compounds targeting FAT and therefore potentially modulate FAK activity during tumour progression.NANCY1-Bib. numérique (543959902) / SudocSudocFranceF

Cluster Induced fit in liver X receptor beta: a molecular dynamics-based investigation

International audienceLigand induced fit phenomenon occurring at the ligand binding domain of the liver X receptor beta (LXR) was investigated by means of molecular dynamics. Reliability of a 4-ns trajectory was tested from two distinct LXR crystal complexes 1PQ6B/GW and 1PQ9B/T09 characterized by an open and a closed state of the pocket, respectively. Crossed complexes 1PQ6B/T09 and 1PQ9B/GW were then submitted to the same molecular dynamic conditions, which were able to recover LXR conformations similar to the original crystallography data. Analysis of open to closed and closed to open conformational transitions pointed out the dynamic role of critical residues lining the ligand binding pocket involved in the local remodeling upon ligand binding (e.g., Phe271, Phe329, Phe340, Arg319, Glu281). Altogether, the present study indicates that the molecular dynamic protocol is a consistent approach for managing LXR-related induced fit process. This protocol could therefore be used for refining ligand docking solutions of a structure-based design strategy

SHEF: a vHTS geometrical filter using coefficients of spherical harmonic molecular surfaces

International audienceSHEF (spherical harmonic coefficient filter), a geometrical matching procedure constituting a preliminary step in the virtual high throughput screening of large databases of small drug-like molecules, is demonstrated. This filter uses a description of both the binding site of the target and the ligand surfaces using spherical harmonic polynomial expansions. Using this representation, which is based on limited sets of spherical harmonic coefficients, considerably reduces the complexity of surface complementarity calculation. As a first test, 188 known protein-ligand complexes were used, and the results of docking the abstracted ligands into the bare proteins using SHEF were compared to the original X-ray structures. The ability of SHEF to retrieve known ligands “hidden” in a virtual library of 1,000 randomly selected drug-like compounds is also demonstrated

Induced-Fit Docking Enables Accurate Free Energy Perturbation Calculations in Homology Models

Homology models have been used for virtual screening and to understand the binding mode of a known active, however rare-ly have the models been shown to be of sufficient accuracy, comparable to crystal structures, to support free-energy perturba-tion (FEP) calculations. We demonstrate here that the use of an advanced induced-fit docking methodology reliably enables predictive FEP calculations on congeneric series across homology models ≥ 30% sequence identity. Further, we show that retrospective FEP calculations on a congeneric series of drug-like ligands is sufficient to discriminate between predicted binding modes. Results are presented for a total of 29 homology models for 14 protein targets, showing FEP results compa-rable to those obtained using experimentally determined crystal structures for 86% of homology models with template struc-ture sequence identities ranging from 30% to 50%. Implications for the use and validation of homology models in drug dis-covery projects are discussed, including the use of AlphaFold2 de novo structures

Receptor sequestration in response to β-arrestin-2 phosphorylation by ERK1/2 governs steady-state levels of GPCR cell-surface expression

International audienceMAPKs are activated in response to G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) stimulation and play essential roles in regulating cellular processes downstream of these receptors. However, very little is known about the reciprocal effect of MAPK activation on GPCRs. To investigate possible crosstalk between the MAPK and GPCRs, we assessed the effect of ERK1/2 on the activity of several GPCR family members. We found that ERK1/2 activation leads to a reduction in the steady-state cell-surface expression of many GPCRs because of their intracellular sequestration. This subcellular redistribution resulted in a global dampening of cell responsiveness, as illustrated by reduced ligand-mediated G-protein activation and second-messenger generation as well as blunted GPCR kinases and β-arrestin recruitment. This ERK1/2-mediated regulatory process was observed for GPCRs that can interact with β-arrestins, such as type-2 vasopressin, type-1 angiotensin, and CXC type-4 chemokine receptors, but not for the prostaglandin F receptor that cannot interact with β-arrestin, implicating this scaffolding protein in the receptor's subcellular redistribution. Complementation experiments in mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking β-arrestins combined with in vitro kinase assays revealed that β-arrestin-2 phosphorylation on Ser14 and Thr276 is essential for the ERK1/2-promoted GPCR sequestration. This previously unidentified regulatory mechanism was observed after constitutive activation as well as after receptor tyrosine kinase- or GPCR-mediated activation of ERK1/2, suggesting that it is a central node in the tonic regulation of cell responsiveness to GPCR stimulation, acting both as an effector and a negative regulator