Production of monoglycerides and diglycerides through lipase-catalyzed glycerolysis and molecular distillation

Monoacilglycerides and diacilglycerides are produced through lipase-catalyzed glycerolysis of soybean oil using Candida antarctica B in a solvent-free system. The reaction was carried out at a glycerol to triacylglycerol molar ratio of 8:1 with 2% of lipase. Acylglycerides, free fatty acids (FFA) and glycerol produced were separated employing the molecular distillation process. Starting from a product of enzymatic reaction 25.06% of triacylglycerols, 46.63% of diacylglycerides, 21.72% of monoacylglycerides, 5.38% of FFA and 1.21% of glycerol and after consecutively distillations, monoacylglycerides with 80% of purity was obtained and also oil with 54% of diacylglycerides to be used in human dietary.1539154

Produção de monoacilgliceróis e diacilgliceróis via glicerólise enzimática e destilação molecular

Monoacilglycerides and diacilglycerides are produced through lipase-catalyzed glycerolysis of soybean oil using Candida antarctica B in a solvent-free system. The reaction was carried out at a glycerol to triacylglycerol molar ratio of 8:1 with 2% of lipase. Acylglycerides, free fatty acids (FFA) and glycerol produced were separated employing the molecular distillation process. Starting from a product of enzymatic reaction 25.06% of triacylglycerols, 46.63% of diacylglycerides, 21.72% of monoacylglycerides, 5.38% of FFA and 1.21% of glycerol and after consecutively distillations, monoacylglycerides with 80% of purity was obtained and also oil with 54% of diacylglycerides to be used in human dietary

Spatial and temporal dimensions of landscape fragmentation across the Brazilian Amazon

The Brazilian Amazon in the past decades has been suffering severe landscape alteration, mainly due to anthropogenic activities, such as road building and land clearing for agriculture. Using a high-resolution time series of land cover maps (classified as mature forest, non-forest, secondary forest) spanning from 1984 through 2011, and four uncorrelated fragmentation metrics (edge density, clumpiness index, area-weighted mean patch size and shape index), we examined the temporal and spatial dynamics of forest fragmentation in three study areas across the Brazilian Amazon (Manaus, Santarém and Machadinho d’Oeste), inside and outside conservation units. Moreover, we compared the impacts on the landscape of: (1) different land uses (e.g. cattle ranching, crop production), (2) occupation processes (spontaneous vs. planned settlements) and (3) implementation of conservation units. By 2010/2011, municipalities located along the Arc of Deforestation had more than 55% of the remaining mature forest strictly confined to conservation units. Further, the planned settlement showed a higher rate of forest loss, a more persistent increase in deforested areas and a higher relative incidence of deforestation inside conservation units. Distinct agricultural activities did not lead to significantly different landscape structures; the accessibility of the municipality showed greater influence in the degree of degradation of the landscapes. Even with a high proportion of the landscapes covered by conservation units, which showed a strong inhibitory effect on forest fragmentation, we show that dynamic agriculturally driven economic activities, in municipalities with extensive road development, led to more regularly shaped, heavily fragmented landscapes, with higher densities of forest edge

Molecular Distillation Modeling And Simulation To Split Heavy Petroleum Fractions

Modeling and simulation of molecular distillation to split of heavy petroleum residues (400°C + AET) are proposed. A theoretical study of this problem is illustrated for a heavy petroleum cut (372°C-811°C AET) divided into six pseudo-components. In the process simulation, a falling film, a heater and an extremely low pressure evaporator are considered. The mathematical model comprises equations for the evaluation of the physico-chemical properties, in order to characterize the distilled mixture. Physico-chemical properties are formulated through the adjustment of experimental parameters such as molecular mass, specific heat, viscosity, and density. Heat and material balances on the liquid film are numerically solved by using a central finite-difference method. Specifically, the Crank-Nicolson method is adopted. The simulation is carried out at the steady-state conditions, where the relevant process variables, such as film thickness, surface evaporation rate, liquid interface temperature, concentration profiles, and amount of distillate flow rate are computed. In molecular distillation, the concentration of the most volatile components shrinks in both axial and radial directions, especially due to the fast increase of the temperature in the falling film. As a consequence, the less volatile component of the liquid mixture undergoes a fast increase on the liquid interface, by clearly showing the potentialities of the molecular distillation process in separating heavy petroleum residues. As the results show, the inlet variables such as the temperature and the feed flow rate largely influence the final composition of the condensate flow

Modeling And Simulation Of Molecular Distillation Process For A Heavy Petroleum Cut

Modeling and simulation of molecular distillation to split of heavy petroleum cuts are proposed. A theoretical study of this problem is illustrated for a heavy petroleum cut divided into six pseudo-components. In the process simulation, a falling film is considered. The mathematical model comprises equations for the evaluation of the physicochemical properties, in order to characterize the distilled mixture. Heat and material balances on the liquid film are numerically solved by using a central finite-difference method. The simulation is carried out at the steady-state conditions, where the relevant process variables, such as film thickness, evaporation rate, film surface temperature, concentration profiles, and amount of distillate flow rate are computed. In molecular distillation, the concentration of the most volatile components shrinks in both axial and radial directions, especially due to the fast increase of the temperature in the falling film. As a consequence, the less volatile components of the liquid mixture undergoes a fast increase on the liquid interface, by clearly showing the potentialities of the molecular distillation process in separating heavy petroleum cuts. As the results show, the inlet variables such as the feed temperature and the feed flow rate largely influence the final composition of the condensate flow. Copyright © 2009, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l.1716391644Batistella, C.B., Maciel, M.R.W., Modeling, simulation and analysis of molecular distillators: Centrifugal and falling film (1996) Comp. Chem. Eng, 20, pp. s19-s24Kawala, Z., Stephan, K., Evaporation rate and separation factor of molecular distillation in a falling film apparatus (1989) Chem. Eng. Technol, 12, pp. 406-413Sales-Cruz, M., Gani, R., Computer-aided modelling of short-path evaporation for chemical product purification. Analysis and design (2006) Chem. Eng. Res. Des, 84 (A7), pp. 583-594Sbaite, P., Batistella, C.B., Winter, A., Vasconcelos, C.J.G., Wolf Maciel, M.R., Maciel Filho, R., Gomes, A., Kunert, R., True boiling point extended curve of vacuum residue through molecular distillation (2006) Petrol. Sci. Technol, 24, pp. 265-27

Monoglycerides And Diglycerides Synthesis In A Solvent-free System By Lipase-catalyzed Glycerolysis.

Five lipases were screened (Thermomyces lanuginosus free and immobilized forms, Candida antarctica B, Candida rugosa, Aspergillus niger, and Rhizomucor miehei) to study their ability to produce monoglycerides (MG) and diglycerides (DG) through enzymatic glycerolysis of soybean oil. Lipase from C. antarctica was further studied to verify the enzyme load (wt% of oil mass), the molar ratio glycerol/oil, and the water content (wt% of glycerol) on the glycerolysis reaction. The best DG and MG productions were in the range 45-48% and 28-30% (w/w, based on the total oil), respectively. Using immobilized lipases, the amount of free fatty acids (FFA) produced was about 5%. However, the amount of FFA produced when using free lipases, with 3.5% extra water in the system, is equivalent to the MG yield, about 23%. The extra water content provides a competition between hydrolysis and glycerolysis reactions, increasing the FFA production.146165-7