Contribution à l’étude du contrôle transcriptionnel de la maturation de la graine d’Arabidopsis

In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, seed maturation and more especially the accumulation of storage compounds such as oil and seed storage proteins (SSP) have been widely studied. Although the biosynthetic networks underlying the accumulation of such compounds are now well described, regulation of these pathways remains poorly understood. My Ph.D. project is a part of a research program aimed at identifying new transcriptional regulators of seed maturation in Arabidopsis. After a comparative analysis of maturation processes in the two zygotic tissues of the seed, namely the embryo and the endosperm, we have characterized MYB118, an endosperm-specific transcription factor, putatively involved in the regulation of this maturation process. A fine and comprehensive characterization of its expression pattern showed a peak of expression at the onset of the maturation phase in the endosperm. Expression studies carried out in LEAFY COTYLEDON2 (LEC2) mutant and over-expressing lines demonstrated that MYB118 expression is positively regulated by this master regulator. Biochemical analysis of myb118 seeds showed that oil and SSP contents were doubled in the endosperm fraction and decreased in the embryo of this mutant compared to the wild type. A transcriptomic analysis of myb118 mutant seeds point out some putative targets, the misregulation of which could explain this phenotype: MYB118 seems to be a repressor of storage compounds accumulation in the endosperm.Since MYB118 belongs to the broad family of MYB transcription factors, we investigated the expression pattern and the role of its closest paralogs. One of them, called MYB115 is expressed specifically in the chalazal endosperm and seems to have partially redundant functions with MYB118.Chez la plante modèle Arabidopsis, le processus de maturation de la graine et, en particulier, l’accumulation de composés de réserves (huile et protéines de réserve) sont étudiés depuis de nombreuses années. Si les voies de biosynthèse conduisant à l’accumulation de tels composés sont bien décrites, leur régulation est encore largement méconnue. Mon travail de thèse s’inscrit dans un projet de recherche dont le but est d’identifier de nouveaux régulateurs transcriptionnels de la maturation de la graine d’Arabidopsis. Après avoir réalisé une étude comparative du processus de maturation chez les deux zygotes de la graine, embryon et albumen, nous avons caractérisé un facteur de transcription appelé MYB118, exprimé spécifiquement dans l’albumen et potentiellement impliqué dans la régulation du processus de maturation. Son patron d’expression, finement caractérisé, montre un pic d’accumulation d’ARNm en début de maturation de la graine, plus spécifiquement dans l’albumen. Des études menées sur des lignées mutantes ou surexprimant LEAFY COTYELDON2 (LEC2) révèlent que l’expression de MYB118 est activée par ce régulateur maître de la maturation de la graine. Une analyse biochimique de graines myb118 montre que le contenu en huile et en protéines de réserve est doublé dans l’albumen et réduit dans l’embryon de ce mutant par comparaison aux graines sauvages. Finalement, une analyse transcriptomique effectuée sur des graines myb118 a permis d’identifier des cibles putatives dont la dérégulation pourrait expliquer le phénotype : MYB118 semble être un répresseur de l’accumulation de composés de réserve dans l’albumen. Comme la famille de facteurs de transcription à laquelle appartient MYB118 comprend de nombreux membres, nous nous sommes intéressés au patron d’expression et au rôle de ses paralogues les plus proches. L’un d’entre eux, appelé MYB115, est exprimé spécifiquement dans l’albumen chalazal et semble avoir une fonction partiellement redondante à celle de MYB118

Study of the transcriptional regulation of Arabidopsis seed maturation

Chez la plante modèle Arabidopsis, le processus de maturation de la graine et, en particulier, l’accumulation de composés de réserves (huile et protéines de réserve) sont étudiés depuis de nombreuses années. Si les voies de biosynthèse conduisant à l’accumulation de tels composés sont bien décrites, leur régulation est encore largement méconnue. Mon travail de thèse s’inscrit dans un projet de recherche dont le but est d’identifier de nouveaux régulateurs transcriptionnels de la maturation de la graine d’Arabidopsis. Après avoir réalisé une étude comparative du processus de maturation chez les deux zygotes de la graine, embryon et albumen, nous avons caractérisé un facteur de transcription appelé MYB118, exprimé spécifiquement dans l’albumen et potentiellement impliqué dans la régulation du processus de maturation. Son patron d’expression, finement caractérisé, montre un pic d’accumulation d’ARNm en début de maturation de la graine, plus spécifiquement dans l’albumen. Des études menées sur des lignées mutantes ou surexprimant LEAFY COTYELDON2 (LEC2) révèlent que l’expression de MYB118 est activée par ce régulateur maître de la maturation de la graine. Une analyse biochimique de graines myb118 montre que le contenu en huile et en protéines de réserve est doublé dans l’albumen et réduit dans l’embryon de ce mutant par comparaison aux graines sauvages. Finalement, une analyse transcriptomique effectuée sur des graines myb118 a permis d’identifier des cibles putatives dont la dérégulation pourrait expliquer le phénotype : MYB118 semble être un répresseur de l’accumulation de composés de réserve dans l’albumen. Comme la famille de facteurs de transcription à laquelle appartient MYB118 comprend de nombreux membres, nous nous sommes intéressés au patron d’expression et au rôle de ses paralogues les plus proches. L’un d’entre eux, appelé MYB115, est exprimé spécifiquement dans l’albumen chalazal et semble avoir une fonction partiellement redondante à celle de MYB118.In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, seed maturation and more especially the accumulation of storage compounds such as oil and seed storage proteins (SSP) have been widely studied. Although the biosynthetic networks underlying the accumulation of such compounds are now well described, regulation of these pathways remains poorly understood. My Ph.D. project is a part of a research program aimed at identifying new transcriptional regulators of seed maturation in Arabidopsis. After a comparative analysis of maturation processes in the two zygotic tissues of the seed, namely the embryo and the endosperm, we have characterized MYB118, an endosperm-specific transcription factor, putatively involved in the regulation of this maturation process. A fine and comprehensive characterization of its expression pattern showed a peak of expression at the onset of the maturation phase in the endosperm. Expression studies carried out in LEAFY COTYLEDON2 (LEC2) mutant and over-expressing lines demonstrated that MYB118 expression is positively regulated by this master regulator. Biochemical analysis of myb118 seeds showed that oil and SSP contents were doubled in the endosperm fraction and decreased in the embryo of this mutant compared to the wild type. A transcriptomic analysis of myb118 mutant seeds point out some putative targets, the misregulation of which could explain this phenotype: MYB118 seems to be a repressor of storage compounds accumulation in the endosperm.Since MYB118 belongs to the broad family of MYB transcription factors, we investigated the expression pattern and the role of its closest paralogs. One of them, called MYB115 is expressed specifically in the chalazal endosperm and seems to have partially redundant functions with MYB118

Contribution à l'étude du contrôle transcriptionnel de la maturation de la graine d'Arabidopsis

Chez la plante modèle Arabidopsis, le processus de maturation de la graine et, en particulier, l accumulation de composés de réserves (huile et protéines de réserve) sont étudiés depuis de nombreuses années. Si les voies de biosynthèse conduisant à l accumulation de tels composés sont bien décrites, leur régulation est encore largement méconnue. Mon travail de thèse s inscrit dans un projet de recherche dont le but est d identifier de nouveaux régulateurs transcriptionnels de la maturation de la graine d Arabidopsis. Après avoir réalisé une étude comparative du processus de maturation chez les deux zygotes de la graine, embryon et albumen, nous avons caractérisé un facteur de transcription appelé MYB118, exprimé spécifiquement dans l albumen et potentiellement impliqué dans la régulation du processus de maturation. Son patron d expression, finement caractérisé, montre un pic d accumulation d ARNm en début de maturation de la graine, plus spécifiquement dans l albumen. Des études menées sur des lignées mutantes ou surexprimant LEAFY COTYELDON2 (LEC2) révèlent que l expression de MYB118 est activée par ce régulateur maître de la maturation de la graine. Une analyse biochimique de graines myb118 montre que le contenu en huile et en protéines de réserve est doublé dans l albumen et réduit dans l embryon de ce mutant par comparaison aux graines sauvages. Finalement, une analyse transcriptomique effectuée sur des graines myb118 a permis d identifier des cibles putatives dont la dérégulation pourrait expliquer le phénotype : MYB118 semble être un répresseur de l accumulation de composés de réserve dans l albumen. Comme la famille de facteurs de transcription à laquelle appartient MYB118 comprend de nombreux membres, nous nous sommes intéressés au patron d expression et au rôle de ses paralogues les plus proches. L un d entre eux, appelé MYB115, est exprimé spécifiquement dans l albumen chalazal et semble avoir une fonction partiellement redondante à celle de MYB118.In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, seed maturation and more especially the accumulation of storage compounds such as oil and seed storage proteins (SSP) have been widely studied. Although the biosynthetic networks underlying the accumulation of such compounds are now well described, regulation of these pathways remains poorly understood. My Ph.D. project is a part of a research program aimed at identifying new transcriptional regulators of seed maturation in Arabidopsis. After a comparative analysis of maturation processes in the two zygotic tissues of the seed, namely the embryo and the endosperm, we have characterized MYB118, an endosperm-specific transcription factor, putatively involved in the regulation of this maturation process. A fine and comprehensive characterization of its expression pattern showed a peak of expression at the onset of the maturation phase in the endosperm. Expression studies carried out in LEAFY COTYLEDON2 (LEC2) mutant and over-expressing lines demonstrated that MYB118 expression is positively regulated by this master regulator. Biochemical analysis of myb118 seeds showed that oil and SSP contents were doubled in the endosperm fraction and decreased in the embryo of this mutant compared to the wild type. A transcriptomic analysis of myb118 mutant seeds point out some putative targets, the misregulation of which could explain this phenotype: MYB118 seems to be a repressor of storage compounds accumulation in the endosperm.Since MYB118 belongs to the broad family of MYB transcription factors, we investigated the expression pattern and the role of its closest paralogs. One of them, called MYB115 is expressed specifically in the chalazal endosperm and seems to have partially redundant functions with MYB118.PARIS11-SCD-Bib. électronique (914719901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Controlling lipid accumulation in cereal grains

Plant oils have so far been mostly directed toward food and feed production. Nowadays however, these oils are more and more used as competitive alternatives to mineral hydrocarbon-based products. This increasing demand for vegetable oils has led to a renewed interest in elucidating the metabolism of storage lipids and its regulation in various plant systems. Cereal grains store carbon in the form of starch in a large endosperm and as oil in an embryo of limited size. Complementary studies on kernel development and metabolism have paved the way for breeding or engineering new varieties with higher grain oil content. This could be achieved either by increasing the relative proportion of the oil-rich embryo within the grain, or by enhancing oil synthesis and accumulation in embryonic structures. For instance, diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) that catalyses the ultimate reaction in the biosynthesis of triacylglycerol appears to be a promising target for increasing oil content in maize embryos. Similarly, over-expression of the maize transcriptional regulators ZmLEAFY COTYLEDON1 and ZmWRINKLED1 efficiently stimulates oil accumulation in the kernels of transgenic lines. Redirecting carbon from starch to oil in the endosperm, though not yet realized, is discussed. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved

Overexpression of <i>MYB115</i>, <i>AAD2</i>, or <i>AAD3</i> in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> seeds yields contrasting omega-7 contents

<div><p>Omega-7 monoenoic fatty acids (ω-7 FAs) are increasingly exploited both for their positive effects on health and for their industrial potential. Some plant species produce fruits or seeds with high amounts of ω-7 FAs. However, the low yields and poor agronomic properties of these plants preclude their commercial use. As an alternative, the metabolic engineering of oilseed crops for sustainable ω-7 FA production has been proposed. Two palmitoyl-ACP desaturases (PADs) catalyzing ω-7 FA biosynthesis were recently identified and characterized in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>, together with MYB115 and MYB118, two transcription factors that positively control the expression of the corresponding PAD genes. In the present research, we examine the biotechnological potential of these new actors of ω-7 metabolism for the metabolic engineering of plant-based production of ω-7 FAs. We placed the PAD and MYB115 coding sequences under the control of a promoter strongly induced in seeds and evaluated these different constructs in <i>A</i>. <i>thaliana</i>. Seeds were obtained that exhibit ω-7 FA contents ranging from 10 to >50% of the total FAs, and these major compositional changes have no detrimental effect on seed germination.</p></div

MYB118 Represses Endosperm Maturation in Seeds of Arabidopsis

In the exalbuminous species Arabidopsis thaliana, seed maturation is accompanied by the deposition of oil and storage proteins and the reduction of the endosperm to one cell layer. Here, we consider reserve partitioning between embryo and endosperm compartments. The pattern of deposition, final amount, and composition of these reserves differ between the two compartments, with the embryo representing the principal storage tissue in mature seeds. Complex regulatory mechanisms are known to prevent activation of maturation-related programs during embryo morphogenesis and, later, during vegetative growth. Here, we describe a regulator that represses the expression of maturation-related genes during maturation within the endosperm. MYB118 is transcriptionally induced in the maturing endosperm, and seeds of myb118 mutants exhibit an endosperm-specific derepression of maturation-related genes associated with a partial relocation of storage compounds from the embryo to the endosperm. Moreover, MYB118 activates endosperm-induced genes through the recognition of TAACGG elements. These results demonstrate that the differential partitioning of reserves between the embryo and endosperm in exalbuminous Arabidopsis seeds does not only result from developmental programs that establish the embryo as the preponderant tissue within seeds. This differential partitioning is also regulated by MYB118, which regulates the biosynthesis of reserves at the spatial level during maturation

Differential Activation of Partially Redundant Δ9 Stearoyl-ACP Desaturase Genes Is Critical for Omega-9 Monounsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis During Seed Development in Arabidopsis

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Validation of the <i>AT2S2</i> promoter sequence.

<p>(A-C) Analysis of relative mRNA accumulation of <i>AT2S2</i> was performed in different plant organs (A), in developing seeds (B), and in developmental series of endosperm (Endo.) and embryo fractions (C). The results obtained were standardized to the <i>EF1αA4</i> (<i>EF</i>) gene expression level. Values are the means and SE of three to six replicates carried out on cDNA dilutions obtained from three independent mRNA extractions. DAA, days after anthesis; Fl, flowers; Rl, rosette leaves; Ro, roots; St, stems. (D-J) Pattern of activity of the <i>ProAT2S2</i>:<i>uidA</i> cassette in maturing embryos harvested 10 (D), 12 (E), 14 (F), or 16 days after anthesis (DAA) (G) and in endosperm fractions harvested 14 (H) or 16 DAA (I). A close-up of a peeled endosperm layer aged 14 DAA is presented in (J). For histochemical detection of GUS activity, tissues were incubated 4 hours in a buffer containing 2 mM each of potassium ferrocyanide and potassium ferricyanide. Microscopy observations were performed using Nomarski optics. Bars = 100 μm in (D-I), 10 μm in (J).</p