Social Inequality And Common Mental Disorders.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between the socioeconomic characteristics of individuals and common mental disorders. METHOD: A cross-sectional survey of a representative sample of the urban population, 14 years and older, in Campinas (Brazil) (n=515) was conducted using a multipurpose instrument that included the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) to assess common mental disorders in the previous 3 months. Weighted prevalence of common mental disorders was calculated for each independent variable. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated using Poisson regression. RESULTS: The overall prevalence was 17% (95% CI 12.8-22.3), 8.9% in males and 24.4% in females. An inverse association was found between common mental disorders and the socioeconomic characteristics (schooling and employment) even after controlling for all the other variables. Higher common mental disorders prevalence was observed in those with less than 5 years of schooling (PR=5.5) and unemployed or underemployed (PR=2.0). CONCLUSIONS: As in other studies, common mental disorders were unevenly distributed; it was significantly more frequent in socially disadvantaged individuals. Specific actions to reduce inequalities in the general and mental health system should be studied.29325025

Parasitismo humano por Bertiella sp. (Cestoda-Anoplocephalidae) no Estado de Goiás, Brasil

Relata-se o encontro de um novo caso de bertiellose humana em paciente do sexo feminino, 2 anos, natural de Goiânia, Estado de Goiás com histórico de permanência em área freqüentada por símios no Estado de Mato Grosso. A paciente apresentava inapetência, dores abdominais, emagrecimento e eliminava nas fezes ovos e proglotes que foram identificados como Bertiella sp. O objetivo do presente trabalho é registrar o encontro do terceiro caso de parasitismo humano por Bertiella sp. (Cestoda-Anoplocephalidae) no Brasil, caracterizando mais um caso de zoonose helmíntica.The authors report on a new case of human Bertiellosis in a 2-year old female patient who was born in Goiânia-Goiás (Brazil) and has had history of permanent dwelling in an area frequently visited by simians in Mato Grosso (Brazil). At the time of diagnosis the patient showed inappetence, abdominal pain, and loss of weight. Eggs and proglottids were found in her stool and were identified as Bertiella sp. The objective of this report is to register the third case of human Bertiellosis in Brazil, characterizing one more case of helminthic zoonosis

Common Mental Disorders And The Use Of Psychoactive Drugs: The Impact Of Socioeconomic Conditions

Objective: To evaluate the infl uence of socioeconomic conditions on the association between common mental disorders and the use of health services and psychoactive drugs. Methods: This was a population-based cross-sectional study conducted in the city of Botucatu, Southeastern Brazil. The sample was probabilistic, stratifi ed and cluster-based. Interviews with 1,023 subjects aged 15 years or over were held in their homes between 2001 and 2002. Common mental disorders were evaluated using the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20). The use of services was investigated in relation to the fortnight preceding the interview and the use of psychotropic drugs, over the preceding three days. Logistic regression was used for multivariable analysis, and the design effect was taken into consideration. Results: Out of the whole sample, 13.4% (95% CI: 10.7;16.0) had sought health services over the fortnight preceding the interview. Seeking health services was associated with female gender (OR=2.0) and the presence of common mental disorders (OR=2.2). 13.3% of the sample (95% CI: 9.2;17.5) said they had used at least one psychotropic drug, especially antidepressives (5.0%) and benzodiazepines (3.1%). In the multivariable analysis, female gender and the presence of common mental disorders remained associated with the use of benzodiazepines. Per capita income presented a direct and independent association with the use of psychoactive drugs: the greater the income, the greater the use of these drugs was. Conclusions: Lower income was associated with the presence of common mental disorders, but not with the use of psychotropic drugs. The association of common mental disorders and the use of psychotropic drugs in relation to higher income strengthens the hypothesis that inequality of access to medical services exists among this population.424717723Ballester, D.A., Filipon, A.P., Braga, C., Andreoli, S.B., The general practitioner and mental health problems: Challenges and strategies for medical education (2005) Sao Paulo Med J, 123 (2), pp. 72-76. , doi:10.1590/ S1516-31802005000200008Beck, C.A., Williams, J.V., Wang, J.L., Kassam, A., El-Guebaly, N., Currie, S.R., Psychotropic medication use in Canada (2005) Can J Psychiatry, 50 (10), pp. 605-613Galduroz, J.C., Noto, A.R., Nappo, S.A., Carlini, E.L., First household survey on drug abuse in São Paulo, Brazil, 1999: Principal findings (2003) Sao Paulo Med J, 121 (6), pp. 231-237. , doi:10.1590/S1516-31802003000600003Harding, T.W., Arango, M.V., Baltazar, J., Climent, C.E., Ibrahim, H.H., Ladrido-Ignacio, L., Mental disorders in primary health care: A study of their frequency and diagnosis in four developing countries (1980) Psychol Med, 10 (2), pp. 231-241Hart, J.T., The inverse care law (1971) Lancet, 1 (7696), pp. 405-412Hennekens, C.H., Buring, J.E., (1987) Epidemiology in Medicine, , Boston: Little, Brown and Company;Hosmer, D.W., Lemeshow, S., (1989) Applied Logistic Regression, , New York: John Wiley & Sons;Iacoponi, E., Detecção de distúrbios emocionais pelo médico: Impacto do tipo de trabalho médico e do conceito sobre doenças mentais. (1997) Rev Cienc Med PUCCAMP, 6, pp. 41-45Lima, M.S., Hotopf, M., Mari, J.J., Béria, J.U., De Bastos, A.B., Mann, A., Psychiatric disorder and the use of Benzodiazepines: An example of the inverse care law from Brazil (1999) Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 34 (6), pp. 316-322Maragno, L., Goldbaum, M., Gianini, R.J., Novaes, H.M.D., Cesar, C.L., Prevalência de Transtorno mental comum em populacões atendidas pelo Programa Saúda da família (QUALIS) no município de Sao Paulo, Brasil. (2006) Cad Saude Publica, 22 (8), pp. 1639-1648. , doi: 10.1590/S0102-311X2006000800012Mari, J.J., Williams, P., A validity study of a Psychiatric Screening Questionnaire (SRQ-20) in Primary care in the city of São Paulo (1986) Br J Psychiatry, 148, pp. 23-26Mari, J.J., Almeida-Filho, N., Coutinho, E., Andreoli, S.B., Miranda, C.T., Streiner, D., The epidemiology of psychotropic use in the city of São Paulo (1993) Psychol Med, 23 (2), pp. 467-474Marín-Lŕon, L., Oliveira, H.B., Barros, M.B., Dalgalarrondo, P., Botega, N.J., Social inequality and common mental disorders (2007) Rev Bras Psiquiatr, 29 (3), pp. 250-253Mendoza-Sassi, R., Béria, J.U., Barros, A.J., Outpatient health service utilization and associated factors: A population-based study (2003) Rev Saude Publica, 37 (3), pp. 372-378Moncrieff, J., Psychiatric drug promotion and the politics of neo-liberalism (2006) Br J Psychiatry, 188, pp. 301-302Patel, V., Araya, R., Lima, M., Ludermir, A., Todd, C., Women, poverty and common mental disorders in four restructuring societies (1999) Soc Sci Med, 49 (11), pp. 1461-1471Rodrigues, M.A., Facchini, L.A., Lima, M.S., Modificações nos padrões de consumo de psicofármacos em localidade do Sul do Brasil. (2006) Rev Saude Publica, 40 (1), pp. 107-114. , doi:10.1590/ S0034-89102006000100017(2000) Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodoly Guidelines for ATC classification and DDD assignment, , World Health Organization, 3. ed. Oslo;Zandstra, S.M., Furer, J.W., van de Lisdonk, E.H., van't Hof, M., Bor, J.H.J., van Well, C., Different study criteria affect the prevalence of benzodiapine use (2002) Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 37 (3), pp. 139-14

Social Inequalities In Health Among The Elderly [desigualdades Sociais Em Saúde Entre Idosos]

The aim of the present study was to assess social inequalities in health status, health behavior and the use of health services based on education level. A population-based cross-sectional study was carried out involving 1,518 elderly residents of Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil. Significant demographic and social differences were found between schooling strata. Elderly individuals with a higher degree of schooling are in greater proportion alcohol drinkers, physically active, have healthier diets and a lower prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, dizziness, headaches, back pain, visual impairment and denture use, and better self-rated health. But, there were no differences in the use of health services in the previous two weeks, in hospitalizations or surgeries in the previous year, nor in medicine intake over the previous three days. Among elderly people with hypertension and diabetes, there were no differences in the regular use of health services and medication. The results demonstrate social inequalities in different health indicators, along with equity in access to some health service components.27SUPPL.2198208Braveman, P.A., Cubbin, C., Egerter, S., Williams, D.R., Pamuk, E., Socioeconomic disparities in health in the United States: What the patterns tell us (2010) Am J Public Health, 100 (SUPPL. 1), pp. S186-S196Silva, J.B., Barros, M.B.A., Epidemiologia e desigualda-de: Notas sobre a teoria e a história (2002) Rev Panam Salud Pública, 12, pp. 375-383Equitity in health and health care: A WHO/SIDA initiative (1996) Geneva: World Health Organization, , World Health Organization(2008) As Causas Sociais Das Iniqüidades Em Saúde No Brasil/CNDSS, , Comissão Nacional dos Determinantes Sociais em Saúde, Rio de Janeiro: Editora FiocruzMarmot, M., WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Closing the health gap in a generation: The work of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health and its recommendations (2009) Glob Health Promot, (SUPPL. 1), pp. 23-27Gwatkin, D.R., Health inequalities and the health of the poor: What can we do? (2000) Bull World Health Organ, 78, pp. 3-18Liberatos, P., Link, B.G., Kelsey, J.L., The measurement of social class in epidemiology (1988) Epidemiol Rev, 10, pp. 87-120Muntaner, C., Borrel, C., Benach, J., Pasarín, M.I., Fe-Randes, E., The association of social class and social stratification with patterns of general and mental health in a Spanish population (2003) Int J Epidemiol, 32, pp. 950-958Wilkinson, R.G., Income distribution and life expectancy (1992) BMJ, 304, pp. 165-168Espelt, A., Borrell, C., Rodríguez-Sanz, M., Muntaner, C., Pasarín, M.I., Benach, J., Inequalities in health by social class dimensions in European countries of different political traditions (2008) Int J Epidemiol, 37, pp. 1095-1105Robert, S., House, J., SES differentials in health by age and alternative indicators of SES (1996) J Aging Health, 8, pp. 359-388Crimmins, E.M., Kim, J.K., Seeman, T.E., Poverty and biological risk: The earlier "aging" of the poor (2009) J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci, 64, pp. 286-292Adams, J.M., White, M., Biological ageing: A fundamental, biological link between socioeconomic status and health? (2004) Eur J Public Health, 14, pp. 331-334Huisman, M., Kunst, A.E., Mackenbach, J.P., Socioeco-nomic inequalities in morbidity among the elderly: A European overview (2003) Soc Sci Med, 57, pp. 861-873Kaplan, M.S., Huguet, N., Feeny, D.H., McFarland, B.H., Self-reported hypertension prevalence and income among older adults in Canada and the United States (2010) Soc Sci Med, 70, pp. 844-849Fang, R., Kmetic, A., Millar, J., Drasic, L., Disparities in chronic disease among Canada's low-income populations (2009) Prev Chronic Dis, 6, pp. A115Barros, M.B.A., César, C.L.G., Carandina, L., Goldbaum, M., (2008) As Dimensões Da Saúde: Inquérito Populacio-nal Em Campinas, S P, , São Paulo: Editora HucitecBarbor, T.E., la Fuente, J.R., Saunders, J., Grant, M., (1992) AUDIT-The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines For Use In Primary Health Care, , Geneva: World Health OrganizationCervi, A., Franceschni, S.C.C., Priore, S.E., Análise crítica do uso do índice de massa corporal para idosos (2005) Rev Nutr, 18, pp. 765-775Mari, J.J., Williams, P., A validity study of a psychiatric screening questionnaire (SRQ-20) in primary care in the city of Sao Paulo (1986) Br J Psychiatry, 148, pp. 23-26Mackenbach, J.P., Stirbu, I., Roskam, A.J., Schaap, M.M., Menvielle, G., Leinsalu, M., Socioeconomic inequalities in health in 22 European countries (2008) N Engl J Med, 358, pp. 2468-2481(2004) Bra-sil, 15 Capitais E Distrito Federal, 2002-2003, , Instituto Nacional de Câncer. Inquérito domiciliar sobre comportamentos de risco e morbidade refe-rida de doenças e agravos não transmissíveis, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional de Câncer(2008) Vigilância De Fatores De Risco E Proteção Para Doenças Crônicas Por Inquérito Telefônico. Brasí-lia, , Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde/Secretaria de Gestão Estratégica e Participativa. VIGITEL Brasil 2007, Ministério da Saúde, Série G. Estatísticas e Informação em Saúde)Mendoza-Sassi, R.A., Beria, J.U., Prevalence of alcohol use disorders and associated factors: A population-based study using AUDIT in southern Brazil (2003) Addiction, 98, pp. 799-804Barros, M.B.A., Botega, N., Dalgalarrondo, P., Marin-Le-on, L., Oliveira, H.B., Prevalence of alcohol abuse and associated factors in a population-based study (2007) Rev Saúde Pública, 41, pp. 502-509Shankar, A., McMunn, A., Steptoe, A., Health-related behaviors in older adults relationships with socio-economic status (2010) Am J Prev Med, 38, pp. 39-46Florindo, A.A., Hallal, P.C., Moura, E.C., Malta, D.C., Practice of physical activities and associated factors in adults, Brazil (2006) Rev Saúde Pública 200943 Suppl, 2, pp. S65-S73Azevedo-e-Silva, G., Valente, J.G., Almeida, L.M., Moura, E.C., Malta, D.C., Tobacco smoking and level of education in Brazil (2006) Rev Saúde Pública, 43 (2 SUPPL.), pp. S48-S56Peixoto, S.V., Firmo, J.O., Lima-Costa, M.F., Factors associated to smoking habit among older adults (The Bambuí Health and Aging Study) (2005) Rev Saúde Públi-ca, 39, pp. 746-753Jaime, P.C., Figueiredo, I.C., Moura, E.C., Malta, D.C., Factors associated with fruit and vegetable consumption in Brazil (2006) Rev Saúde Pública 200943 Suppl, 2, pp. S57-S64Salehi, L., Eftekhar, H., Mohammad, K., Tavafian, S.S., Jazayery, A., Montazeri, A., Consumption of fruit and vegetables among elderly people: A cross sectional study from Iran (2010) Nutr J, 13, p. 2Stringhini, S., Sabia, S., Shipley, M., Brunner, E., Nabi, H., Kivimaki, M., Association of socioeconom-ic position with health behaviors and mortality (2010) JAMA, 303, pp. 1159-1166Barros, M.B.A., Cesar, C.L.G., Carandina, L., Torre, G.D., Desigualdades sociais na prevalência de doenças crônicas no Brasil, PNAD-2003 (2006) Ciênc Saúde Cole-tiva, 11, pp. 911-926Machado, G.P.M., Barreto, S.M., Passos, V.M.A., Lima-Costa, M.F., Projeto Bambuí: Prevalência de sin-tomas articulares crônicos em idosos (2004) Rev Assoc Med Bras, 50, pp. 367-372Barreto, S.M., Figueiredo, R.C., Doença crônica, au-to-avaliação de saúde e comportamento de risco: Diferença de gênero (2009) Rev Saúde Pública, 43 (SUPPL. 2), pp. 38-47Lethbridge-Cejku, M., Schiller, J.S., Bernadel, L., Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2002 (2004) Vital Health Stat, 10 (222), pp. 1-151Frazão, P., Costa, C.M., Almeida, M.F., Risks associated with tendinitis: Effects from demographic, socio-economic, and psychological status among Brazilian workers (2010) Am J Ind Med, 53, pp. 72-79Ryskulova, A., Turczyn, K., Makuc, D.M., Cotch, M.F., Klein, R.J., Janiszewski, R., Self reported age-related eye diseases and visual impairment in the United States: Results of the 2002 National Health Interview Survey (2008) Am J Public Health, 98, pp. 454-461Castro, S.S., César, C.L., Carandina, L., Barros, M.B.A., Al-Ves, M.C.G.P., Goldbaum, M., Deficiência visual, audi-tiva e física: Prevalência e fatores associados em estudo de base populacional (2008) Cad Saúde Pública, 24, pp. 1773-1782Barros, M.B.A., Zanchetta, L.M., Moura, E.C., Malta, D.C., Auto-avaliação da saúde e fatores associados, Bra-sil (2006) Rev Saúde Pública, 43 (2 SUPPL.), pp. S27-S37Alves, L.C., Leite, I.D., Machado, C.J., Factors associated with functional disability of elderly in Brazil: A multilevel analysis (2010) Rev Saúde Pública, 44, pp. 468-478Barros, A.J.D., Bertoldi, A.D., Desigualdades na utili-zação e no acesso a serviços odontológicos: Uma avaliação em nível nacional (2002) Ciênc Saúde Coletiva, 7, pp. 709-717Patel, R., Lawlor, D.A., Ebrahim, S., British Women's Heart and Health Study cohort. Socio-economic position and the use of preventive health care in older British women: A cross-sectional study using data from the British Women's Heart and Health Study cohort (2007) Fam Pract, 24, pp. 7-10Zaitune, M.P.A., Barros, M.B.A., Cesar, C.L.G., Carandina, L., Goldbaum, M., Hipertensão em idosos: Prevalên-cia, fatores associados e práticas de controle no Município de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil (2006) Cad Saúde Pública, 22, pp. 285-294Silveira, E.A., Araújo, C.L., Gigante, D.P., Barros, A.J.D., Lima, M.S., Validação do peso e altura referidos para o diagnóstico do estado nutricional em uma popula-ção de adultos no Sul do Brasil (2005) Cad Saúde Pública, 21, pp. 235-245Skinner, K.M., Miller, D.R., Lincoln, E., Lee, A., Kazis, L.E., Concordance between respondent self-reports and medical records for chronic conditions: Experience from the Veterans Health Study (2005) J Ambul Care Manage, 28, pp. 102-110Knight, M., Stewart-Brown, S., Fletcher, L., Estimating health needs: The impact of a checklist of conditions and quality of life measurement on health information derived from community surveys (2001) J Public Health Med, 23, pp. 179-186Mackenbach, J.P., Looman, C.W., van der Meer, J.B., Differences in the misreporting of chronic conditions, by level of education: The effect on inequalities in prevalence rates (1996) Am J Public Health, 86, pp. 706-71

Socioeconomic inequalities in dental health services in Sao Paulo, Brazil, 2003-2008

__Background:__ Access to, and use of, dental health services in Brazil have improved since 2003. The increase of private health care plans and the implementation of the "Smiling Brazil" Program, the largest public oral health care program in the world, could have influenced this increase in access. However, we do not yet know if inequalities in the use of dental health services persist after the improvement in access. The aims of this study are to analyze socioeconomic differences for dental health service use between 2003 and 2008 in São Paulo and to examine changes in these associations since the implementation of the Smiling Brazil program in 2003. __Method:__ Data was obtained via two household health surveys (ISA-Capital 2003 and ISA-Capital 2008) which investigated living conditions, lifestyle, health status and use of health care services. Logistic regression was used to analyze associations between socioeconomic factors and dental services use. Additionally, trends from 2003 to

Comparison Of Estimates For The Self-reported Chronic Conditions Among Household Survey And Telephone Survey - Campinas (sp), Brazil [comparação De Estimativas Para O Autorrelato De Condições Crônicas Entre Inquérito Domiciliar E Telefônico - Campinas (sp), Brasil]

Objective: To compare the estimates obtained by different methods of population-based surveys for self-reported chronic conditions among adults living in Campinas in the year 2008. Methods: Data from ISACamp Survey, conducted by the Faculty of Medical Sciences from Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) with support from the County Health Department and VIGITEL (Campinas), a telephone survey conducted by the Brazilian Ministry of Health toward Surveillance of Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic non-communicable Diseases in the adult population (18 years and over) were analyzed. Estimates of self-reported hypertension, diabetes, osteoporosis, and asthma/bronchitis/emphysema were evaluated and compared by the independent (two-sample) Student's t-test. Results: For global estimates, a higher prevalence of hypertension and osteoporosis was ascertained by the telephone survey. Diabetes and asthma/bronchitis/ emphysema results showed no statistically significant differences. According to sociodemographic variables, a higher prevalence of hypertension was obtained by VIGITEL for men, among people aged 18 to 59 years, and those who reported nine or more years of schooling. A higher prevalence of osteoporosis among adults (18 to 59 years) was verified by VIGITEL. Concerning asthma/ bronchitis/emphysema in the elderly, ISACamp survey showed a higher prevalence. Conclusion: Except for the hypertension prevalence, the telephone survey has proven to be a rapid alternative to provide global prevalence estimates of health conditions in the adult population of Campinas.14SUPPL. 1515Viacava, F., Informações em saúde: A importância dos inquéritos populacionais (2002) Ciênc Saúde Coletiva, 7 (4), pp. 607-621Cesar, C.L.G., Barata, R.B., (2008) Editorial Rev Bras Epidemiol, 11 (SUPPL. 1), pp. 3-5Lavrakas, P.J., (1990) Telephone Survey Methods: Sampling, Selection and Supervision, , London: Sage PublicationsMonteiro, C.A., Moura, E.C., Jaime, P.C., Lucca, A., Florindo, A.A., Figueiredo, I.C.R., Monitoramento de fatores de risco para as doenças crônicas por entrevistas telefônicas (2005) Rev Saúde Pública, 39 (1), pp. 47-57Nelson, D.E., Powell-Griner, E., Town, M., Kovar, M.G., A comparison of national estimates from the National Health Interview Survey and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2003) Am J Public Health, 93 (8), pp. 1335-1341Bernal, R., Silva, N.N., Cobertura de linhas telefônicas residenciais e vícios potenciais em estudos epidemiológicos (2009) Rev Saude Publica, 43 (3), pp. 421-426(2002) Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life, p. 2002. , The World Health Report, Geneva: World Health Organization(2007) Guia Metodológico De Avaliação E Definição De Indicadores: Doenças Não Transmissíveis E Rede Carmem, , Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Análise de Situação de Saúde, Brasília: Ministério da SaúdeChrestani, M.A., Santos, I.S., Matijasevich, A.M., Hipertensão arterial sistêmica auto-referida: Validação diagnóstica em estudo de base populacional (2009) Cad Saúde Pública, 25 (11), pp. 2395-2406Barros, M.B.A., Inquéritos domiciliares de saúde: Potencialidades e desafios (2008) Rev Bras Epidemiol, 11 (SUPPL. 1), pp. 6-19Cesar, C.L.G., Carandina, L., Alves, M.C.G.P., Barros, M.B.A., Goldbaum, M., (2005) Saúde E Condição De Vida Em São Paulo: Inquérito Multicêntrico De Saúde No Estado De São Paulo -ISA-SP, p. 212. , São Paulo: USP/FSP(2006) Vigilância De Fatores De Risco E Proteção Para Doenças Crônicas Por Inquérito Telefônico: Estimativas Sobre Freqüência E Distribuição Sócio-demográfica De Fatores De Risco E Proteção Para Doenças Crônicas Nas Capitais Dos 26 Estados Brasileiros E No Distrito Federal Em 2006, p. 2007. , Ministério da Saúde. VIGITEL Brasil, Brasília: Ministério da SaúdeLwanga, S.K., Lemeshow, S., (1991) Sample Size Determination In Health Studies: A Practical Manual, , Geneva: World Health Organization(2008) Vigilância De Fatores De Risco E Proteção Para Doenças Crônicas Por Inquérito Telefônico, p. 2009. , Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Secretaria de Gestão Estratégia e Participativa. VIGITEL Brasil, Brasília: Ministério da SaúdeLee, S., Davis, W.W., Nguyen, H.A., McNeel, T.S., Brick, J.M., Flores-Cervantes, I., Examining Trends and Averages Using Combined Cross-sectional Survey Data From Multiple Years, , http://www.chis.ucla.edu/pdf/paper_trends_averages.pdf, CHIS Methodology Paper, 2007. [cited 2011 Jun 02]. Available fromKish, L., (1965) Survey Sampling, , New York: John Wiley and SonsFahimi, M., Link, M., Schwartz, D.A., Levy, P., Mokdad, A., Tracking chronic disease and risk behavior prevalence as survey participation declines: Statistics from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and other national surveys (2008) Prev Chronic Dis, 5 (3), pp. A80Cricelli, C., Mazzaglia, G., Samani, F., Marchi, M., Sabatini, A., Nardi, R., Prevalence estimates for chronic diseases in Italy: Exploring the differences between self-report and primary care databases (2003) J Public Health Med, 25 (3), pp. 254-257Okura, Y., Urban, L.H., Mahoney, D.W., Jacobsen, S.J., Rodeheffer, R.J., Agreement between self-reported questionnaires and medical record data was substantial for diabetes, hypertension, myocardial infarction and stroke but not for heart failure (2004) J Clin Epidemiol, 57 (10), pp. 1096-1103Barros, M.B.A., Cesar, C.L.G., Carandina, L., Torre, G.D., Desigualdades sociais na prevalência de doenças crônicas no Brasil, PNAD-2003 (2006) Ciênc Saúde Coletiva, 11 (4), pp. 911-926Molenaar, E.A., van Ameijden, E.J., Grobbee, D.E., Numans, M.E., Comparison of routine care self-reported and biomedical data on hipertension and diabetes: Results of the Utrecht Health Project (2007) Eur J Public Health, 17 (2), pp. 199-205Lima-Costa, M.F., Peixoto, S.V., Firmo, J.O.A., Uchoa, E., Validade do diabetes auto-referido e seus determinantes: Evidências do projeto Bambuí (2007) Rev Saúde Pública, 41 (6), pp. 947-953Vargas, C.M., Burt, V.L., Gllum, R.F., Pamuk, E.R., Validity of self-reported hypertension in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, 1988-1991 (1997) Prev Med, 26 (5), pp. 678-685Lima-Costa, M.F., Peixoto, S.V., Firmo, J.O.A., Validade da hipertensão arterial auto-referida e seus determinantes (projeto Bambuí) (2004) Rev Saúde Pública, 38 (5), pp. 637-642Frazão, P., Naveira, M., Prevalência de osteoporose: Uma revisão crítica (2006) Rev Bras Epidemiol, 9 (2), pp. 206-214Martini, L.A., Moura, E.C., Santos, L.C., Malta, D.C., Pinheiro, M.M., Prevalência de diagnóstico auto-referido de osteoporose, Brasil, 2006 (2009) Rev Saúde Pública, 43 (SUPPL. 2), pp. 107-116Hasselgren, M., Arne, M., Lindahl, A., Janson, S., Lundbäck, B., Estimated prevalences of respiratory symptoms, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease related to detection rate in primary health care (2001) Scand J Prim Health Care, 19 (1), pp. 54-57Mullerova, H., Wedzicha, J., Soriano, J.B., Vestbo, J., Validation of a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease screening questionnaire for population surveys (2004) Respir Med, 98 (1), pp. 78-83Lima-Costa, M.F., Barreto, S.M., Giatti, L., Condições de saúde, capacidade funcional, uso de serviços de saúde e gastos com medicamentos da população idosa brasileira: Um estudo descritivo baseado na Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (2003) Cad Saúde Pública, 19 (3), pp. 735-743Goldman, N., Lin, I.F., Weinstein, M., Lin, Y.H., Evaluating the quality of self-reports of hypertension and diabetes (2003) J Clin Epidemiol, 56 (2), pp. 148-15

Steel fibre reinforced concrete for elements failing in bending and in shear

Discrete steel fibres can increase significantly the bending and the shear resistance of concrete structural elements when Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete (SFRC) is designed in such a way that fibre reinforcing mechanisms are optimized. To assess the fibre reinforcement effectiveness in shallow structural elements failing in bending and in shear, experimental and numerical research were performed. Uniaxial compression and bending tests were executed to derive the constitutive laws of the developed SFRC. Using a cross-section layered model and the material constitutive laws, the deformational behaviour of structural elements failing in bending was predicted from the moment-curvature relationship of the representative cross sections. To evaluate the influence of the percentage of fibres on the shear resistance of shallow structures, three point bending tests with shallow beams were performed. The applicability of the formulation proposed by RILEM TC 162-TDF for the prediction of the shear resistance of SFRC elements was evaluated. Inverse analysis was adopted to determine indirectly the values of the fracture mode I parameters of the developed SFRC. With these values, and using a softening diagram for modelling the crack shear softening behaviour, the response of the SFRC beams failing in shear was predicted.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT

Horizon Problem Remediation via Deformed Phase Space

We investigate the effects of a special kind of dynamical deformation between the momenta of the scalar field of the Brans-Dicke theory and the scale factor of the FRW metric. This special choice of deformation includes linearly a deformation parameter. We trace the deformation footprints in the cosmological equations of motion when the BD coupling parameter goes to infinity. One class of the solutions gives a constant scale factor in the late time that confirms the previous result obtained via another approach in the literature. This effect can be interpreted as a quantum gravity footprint in the coarse grained explanation. The another class of the solutions removes the big bang singularity, and the accelerating expansion region has an infinite temporal range which overcomes the horizon problem. After this epoch, there is a graceful exiting by which the universe enters in the radiation dominated era.Comment: 13 pages, 2 figures, to appear in GER

SNO+: predictions from standard solar models and spin flavour precession

Time variability of the solar neutrino flux especially in the low and intermediate energy sector remains an open question and, if it exists, it is likely to be originated from the magnetic moment transition from active to light sterile neutrinos at times of intense solar activity and magnetic field. We examine the prospects for the SNO+ experiment to address this important issue and to distinguish between the two classes of solar models which are currently identified as corresponding to a high (SSM I) and a low (SSM II) heavy element abundance. We also evaluate the predictions from these two models for the Chlorine experiment event rate in the standard LMA and LMA+Spin Flavour Precession (SFP) scenarios. It is found that after three years of SNO+ data taking, the pep flux measurement will be able to discriminate between the standard LMA and LMA+SFP scenarios, independently of which is the correct solar model. If the LMA rate is measured, SFP with $B_0 \sim 280kG$ for the resonant $\Delta m^2_{01}$ can be excluded at more than $4\sigma$. A low rate would signal new physics, excluding all the 90% allowed range of the standard LMA solution at 3$\sigma$, and a time variability would be a strong signature of the SFP model. The CNO fluxes are the ones for which the two SSM predictions exhibit the largest differences, so their measurement at SNO+ will be important to favour one or the other. The distinction will be clearer after LMA or SFP are confirmed with pep, but still, a CNO measurement at the level of SSM I/LMA will disfavour SSM II at about $3 \sigma$. We conclude that consistency between future pep and CNO flux measurements at SNO+ and Chlorine would either favour an LMA+SFP scenario or favour SSM II over SSM I.Comment: 20 pages. Sections 1 and 2 extended, section 4.4 added, references added and updated. Final version to be published in JHE