Produção de novilhas de corte em pastagem de Coastcross-1 consorciada com Arachis pintoi com e sem adubação nitrogenada Beef heifer production in Coastcross-1 and Arachis pintoi mixed pasture with or without nitrogen fertilization

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a massa de forragem (MF), a taxa de acúmulo diário (TAD), a oferta de forragem (OF), a taxa de lotação (TL), a porcentagem de Arachis pintoi (PAR), o ganho médio diário (GMD) e o ganho por hectare (GPV/ha) de novilhas de corte em pastejo de Coastcross-1 consorciada com Arachis pintoi. Os consórcios avaliados foram: CA0 = coastcross + Arachis pintoi sem adubação nitrogenada; CA100 = coastcross + Arachis pintoi com 100 kg de nitrogênio; CA200 = coastcross + Arachis pintoi com 200 kg de nitrogênio; e C200 = coastcross com 200 kg de nitrogênio, distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com duas repetições. O manejo do pasto foi o de lotação continua com carga animal variável utilizando-se novilhas mestiças com três animais-testes por consórcio. A massa de forragem nas pastagens de coastcross + Arachis pintoi adubadas com 0, 100 e 200 kg de nitrogênio e na pastagem de coastcross adubada com 200 kg de nitrogênio foi de 2.641, 2.431, 2.760 e 2.704 kg de MS/ha, respectivamente. A taxa de acúmulo diário foi semelhante (66,12 kg de MS/ha) entre as pastagens; o verão foi a estação de maior produção, seguido da primavera, do outono, que não diferiram entre si, e do inverno (108,6; 71,1; 54,2; 30,6 kg de MS/ha, respectivamente). Na associação de coastcross + Arachis pintoi sem adubação nitrogenada, foram obtidas a maior oferta de forragem e a menor taxa de lotação (4,0 UA/ha). As maiores taxas de lotação e as menores ofertas de forragem foram observadas com a adubação nitrogenada. A porcentagem de Arachis pintoi foi maior na primavera e, na associação coastcross + Arachis pintoi sem adubação, as estimativas visuais foram sempre superiores às medidas, em virtude do baixo teor de matéria seca dessa leguminosa. O ganho médio diário foi maior no cultivo em consórcio e adubação com 200 kg de nitrogênio e na pastagem de coastcross em cultivo exclusivo com 200 kg de nitrogênio em comparação àquelas de coastcross + Arachis adubada com 100 kg de nitrogênio e sem adubação (0,51; 0,51; 0,42 e 0,38 kg/dia, respectivamente). Os ganhos anuais por hectare foram superiores a 1.000 kg/ha/ano e foram maiores no verão (221,4 kg/ha).<br>This trial was carried out to evaluate forage mass (FM), daily accumulation rate (DAR), forage offer (FO), stocking rate (SR), Arachis pintoi percentage (APP), average daily gain (ADG) and gain per hectare (GPH) of beef heifers under grazing in Coastcross-1 and Arachis pintoi mixed pasture during different seasons, from July 2003 to June 2004. The treatments were: CA0 = Coastcross + Arachis pintoi without N; CA100 = Coastcross + Arachis pintoi with 100 kg of N; CA200 = Coastcross + Arachis pintoi with 200 kg of N; and C200 = Coastcross with 200 kg of N, distributed in a randomly block design, with two repetitions. Pasture management was done through continuous grazing with variable stocking rate, using crossbred heifers with three test animals per treatment. The FM was 2641, 2431, 2760 and 2704 kg of DM/ha for CA0, CA100, CA200 and C200, respectively. Treatments presented similar DAR (66.12 kg of DM/ha) between pastures, with higher production in the summer, followed by spring and autumn, which were not different from each other, and the winter with the lowest value: 108.6; 71.7; 54.2; 30.6 kg of DM/ha, respectively. In the CA0 treatment, the highest FO and the lowest SR were obtained (4.0 AU/ha). The highest SR and lowest FO were observed in treatments with nitrogen fertilization, without difference among them. The APP in the mixture was higher in the spring, and for the CA0 treatment, with visual estimations were always higher in function of the lower dry matter percentage of this legume. For ADG was higher for CA200 and C200 treatments in relation to CA100 and CA0 with values of 0.51, 0.51, 0.42 and 0.38 kg/day, respectively. The GPH were above 1000 kg/ha/year and the summer presented the highest gain (221.4 kg/ha)

A virada ideacional: quando e como ideias importam

O ensaio bibliográfico analisa a literatura que ficou conhecida como virada ideacional. Seu objetivo é, primeiro, resumir as críticas dessa literatura às perspectivas institucionalistas com as quais ela dialoga; segundo, sistematizar suas vantagens teóricas e, por fim, identificar o ferramental metodológico utilizado pelos autores que se filiam a ela. O ensaio baseia-se na análise de uma ampla gama de livros e artigos publicados sobre o assunto nos últimos 20 anos. Por meio dessa revisão bibliográfica, fomos capazes de mostrar como a literatura da virada ideacional permite incluir as ideias nas explicações dos fenômenos políticos. A inclusão das ideias, por sua vez, exige uma postura metodológica pluralista que pode significar avanços importantes para a ciência política

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora