Effects of some plant extracts on some biological parameters of catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822)

Preliminary studies on the antimicrobial properties of various methods of extraction of Carica papaya (Pawpaw) seeds, Citrus paradisa (Grapefruit peel) and Piper guineese (Black pepper) seeds against eleven bacteria ( Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter sp, Klebsiella pneumoniae, K. oxytoca, Pseudomonas lundensis, Bacillus subtilis, B. megaterium, Citrobacter freundii and Enterobacter cloacae) associated with fresh catfish spoilage were investigated using the cup-plate diffusion method. Cold water, hot water and ethanol were the different extraction solvents used while the concentrations were 0.1g/ml, 0.2g/ml, 0.3g/ml, 0.4g/ml and 0.5g/ml. Generally, hot water extraction of the plant materials was most effective (p < 0.01) with the highest mean zone of inhibition of 4.42 ~c 0.38mm followed by ethanol extraction (3.55 ~c 0.47mm). The most susceptible bacteria was Enterobacter cloacae with the highest mean zone of inhibition of 22.6 ~c 3.50mm. This investigation indicates that the antimicrobial compounds in grape peel and black pepper are best liberated when extracted with ethanol while that of pawpaw is best extracted with hot water

Bacterial load, composition and succession in the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) held at ambient temperatures.

Microorganisms, especially bacteria are the major causes of spoilage in fresh fish. In the coastal areas of developing tropical countries where ambient temperatures are usually high and access to modern preservation and processing technologies is low, fish is often left under ambient conditions for long periods after capture, resulting in quality deterioration and spoilage with attendant increases in post harvest losses. This study was carried out to identify, characterize and estimate the number of colony forming units (CFU) of microorganisms associated with freshly slaughtered African catfish, Clarias gariepinus held at ambient temperatures. Microorganisms were isolated from the flesh, gills, guts, mouth and skin of fish samples at successive 6-hour intervals post-slaughter for 42 hours when the fish were adjudged spoilt by a 5-member trained assessment panel. Determination of viable bacterial count was carried out by introducing aliquots of three dilutions of samples into nutrient agar plates, incubating at 37oC for 24hrs and counting the number of CFU. Microorganisms were thereafter identified using colonial and morphological characteristics and biochemical tests. Organoleptic assessment of fish samples were carried out by a 5-man trained panel. Results showed that a total of eleven microorganisms of pathogenic and/or spoilage importance were isolated at various intervals from fish samples, including Acinetobacter spp, Bacillus subtilis, B. megaterium, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, K. pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas lundensis and Staphylococcus aureus. Generally the number of CFU from various parts of fish increased significantly (P < 0.05) as time interval increased

Pure Water Syndrome: Bacteriological Quality Of Sachet- Packed Drinking Water Sold In Nigeria

Water is one of the indispensable resources for the continued existence of all living things including man. Government has failed to adequately provide safe, pipe-borne water for the increasing population in Nigeria and this has encouraged the sale of drinking water by private enterprises that have little knowledge about good manufacturing practices. This study investigated the bacteriological quality of commercial sachet-packed drinking water at point-of-sale in south-western Nigeria with emphasis on pathogenic bacteria in 108 samples tested, in order to evaluate the contribution of this popular product to the increasing incidence of typhoid fever and related illnesses. Ten-fold serial dilution of water samples and the pour plate technique were used to investigate the presence of Salmonella and indicator coliform Escherichia coli in sachet-packed water samples. Aerobic and total coliforms were also enumerated. Characterization of isolates was by in-vitro cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics. Results showed that 87% of the sachet-packed water samples examined contained Salmonella and/or Escherichia coli, indicative of fecal contamination and inadequate water treatment or no treatment at all. The study also showed that about 65% of the polythene sachets used was not of food-grade quality and imparted polyester taste in the water samples. High aerobic colony counts in the order of 6.0 log CFU/ml was recorded from 93% of water samples examined. E. coli counts used as indicator of hygiene criteria were present in the range of 98 and 106 cfu/100ml of water sample, while Salmonella counts used as food safety criteria were between 2.12x101 and 2.20x101. These mean values were greater than the international guidelines for drinking water quality. The findings of this study indicate that sachet-packed water samples examined do not meet microbiological standards for drinking water quality. National surveillance agencies need to monitor and enforce compliance with microbiological safety standards of sachet-packed water being sold to the public

Seasonal variation of enteric bacteria population in surface water sources among rural communities of Ijebu North, Ogun State, Nigeria

The study assessed the effect of seasonal variation on enteric bacteria population in water sources of six different communities between April 2017 and March 2018 using conventional microbiological methods. Bacteria belonging to the enteric family were primarily investigated in this study. The bacteriological analyses included total viable bacterial counts and phenotypic characterization. The bacteriological analyses showed that total heterotrophic counts ranged from 1.2 × 104 cfu/ml to 3.0 × 104 cfu/ml and from 1.0 × 104 cfu/ml to 2.0 × 104 cfu/ml during the dry and wet seasons, respectively. One hundred and twenty-two potentially pathogenic species of bacteria representing 10 genera were identified. These included Acinetobacter sp., Enterobacter sp., Escherichia coli, Shigella sp., Salmonella sp., and Proteus sp. Others are Serratia sp., Pseudomonas sp., Yersinia sp., and Klebsiella sp. Results showed that bacteria isolated (10) were higher during the rainy season while Klebsiella sp (24) and Enterobacter sp (30) were the predominant species. It was apparent that water sources investigated in this study were unsafe for domestic use due to the presence of these pathogenic bacteria. So, there is a need for the provision of safe water in these communities to prevent outbreaks of waterborne disease. Key words: microbial, potable water, rural dwellers, seasonal variatio

The effect of different C-N ratios on volatile fatty acid (VFAs) production from acidogenic fermentation of sucrose in continuous-stirred tank reactors

This study evaluates the production of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) from the acidogenic anaerobic digestion of sucrose in continuous-stirred tank reactors. A semi-continuously feed operational process was employed to observe the influence of different carbon–nitrogen ratios (C-N), from 5 to 100, on the volume and composition of VFA production. With a steady increase in VFA production, the C-N 5 assay attained the highest concentration with a VFA value of 26.08 g L−1 after 15 days of incubation, while on the 13th day of incubation, the maximum VFA concentration of 23.82 g L−1, 20.44 g L−1, 16.76 g L−1, 11.88 g L−1, and 11.60 g L−1 was attained in C-N 10, C-N 20, C-N 30, C-N 50, and C-N 70 assays respectively. Acetic acid and butyric acid were the principal VFAs observed in all the different C-N assays tested in this study. The mean values of acetic acid ranged from 64.58 to 79.12% for C-N increase between 5 and 100. On the other hand, C-N variations between 5 and 100 resulted in a significant decrease in butyric acid production from 30.33 to 13.93%. Volatile solid degradation and carbohydrate utilization rates decreased from 41.86 to 32.45% and 78.56 to 61.25% respectively as C-N ratios increased from 5 to 100. This aligns with the hypothesis that increasing the nitrogen content of substrate increases VFA production. Our findings provide new information regarding the C-N ratios for improved VFA production from acidogenic fermentation of sucrose

PATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF CLARIAS GARIEPINUS (BURCHELL, 1822) SUB-ADULT ARTIFICIALLY INFECTED WITH PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA

Hematology and histopathological variations in Clarias gariepinus sub-adults subjected to oral challenge with Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 were studied for a period of 21 days, with a view to assess the pathogenesis of the bacteria and compared with a control. The results were compared statistically using One-way ANOVA. The symptoms of the infected fish included tail and fin rot, internal hemorrhages and skin patches of superficial ulcers. Tissue sections revealed marked loss and sloughing off of the gill lamellar epithelium, liver showed that hepatocytes appear finely reticulated and foamy; however there were a few foci of large cytoplasmic vacuolations of the hepatocytes and the sinusoids were moderately congested while the intestine showed shortened rugae; the submucosa glands were reduced in numbers; however the surface epithelial cells appeared to be proliferating rapidly and immature (hyperplastic). There was a significant reduction in the mean values of packed cell volume from 34.67±5.2% to 22.33±0.3%, hemoglobin from 9.77±0.2g/dL to 6.97±0.2g/dL, red blood cell from 2.23±0.3x1012/L to 1.27±0.1 x1012/L and lymphocyte count from 69.00±2.3% to 52.33±0.9% of C. gariepinus after three weeks of exposure to P. aeruginosa. However, the reverse was the case in the mean values obtained for white blood cell and neutrophil for infected fish which were reasonably higher when compared to that of uninfected fish (17.13±0.5 to10.80±0.3x109/L) and (47.33±1.2% to 30.33±2.9%) respectively. It could therefore be concluded that changes in organs and blood parameters of fish occur proportionately to pathogen invasion

Hydrocolpos et hématocolpos par imperforation hymenale: prise en charge au CHU de Treichville

Les hydro et hématocolpos se définissent comme étant la rétention vaginale soit des secrétions cervicales et vaginales (hydrocolpos), retrouvée chez le nouveau-né et le nourrisson, soit des menstruations (hématocolpos) se constituant à la puberté dès les premières menstruations. L’étiologie principale est l’imperforation hyménale. Pathologie rare et notre but était de présenter les caractéristiques cliniques, paracliniques, thérapeutiques et évolutives ainsi que les difficultés diagnostiques rencontrées, surtout dans les cas d’hydrocolpos. Il s’est agit d’une étude rétrospective et descriptive qui s’est déroulée dans le service de chirurgie pédiatrique du CHU de Treichville sur une période de 10 ans allant de Janvier 2008 à Décembre 2017. Elle concernait toutes les patientes chez qui le diagnostic d’hydro ou hématocolpos avait été posé. Les variables étudiées ont été cliniques, paracliniques, thérapeutiques et évolutives. Nous avons colligé 11 dossiers d’enfant dont 5 cas d’hydrocolpos et 6 cas d’hématocolpos. L’âge moyen était de 12,4 jours dans les cas d’hydrocolpos avec des extrêmes de 0 à 37 jours, et de 13,83 ans dans les cas d’hématocolpos avec des extrêmes de 13 à 14 ans. Le motif de consultation était représenté par la rétention aigue d’urine dans 8 cas (72,7%), la distension abdominale dans 2 cas. La douleur pelvienne cyclique était retrouvée chez toutes les adolescentes, à savoir dans l’hématocolpos, associée à une absence de ménarche dans tous les cas. Le diagnostic de l’imperforation hyménale a été fait tardivement chez 3 patientes. L’échographie a été réalisée dans 100% des cas. Le traitement chirurgical à consisté en une hyménotomie chez toutes les patientes avec laparotomie et une stomie vaginale première dans respectivement 3 et 2 cas. L’évolution était simple dans 9 cas soit 81,8%. Les complications retrouvée étaient un cas de récidive d’hydrocolpos ayant nécessité une reprise d’hyménotomie et une occlusion sur bride. L’imperforation hyménale est une malformation rare et bénigne du tractus génital féminin. Le diagnostic surtout chez le nouveau-né et nourrisson est retardé du fait de la méconnaissance par les praticiens. Devant tout trouble urinaire, il faut y penser et faire systématiquement un examen de la vulve. Mots clés: hydrocolpos, hématocolpos, imperforation hyménale, hyménotomie English Abstract Hydrocolpos and hematocolpos are defined as vaginal retention cervical and vaginal secretions (hydrocolpos), in newborns and infants, or menstrual blood (hematocolpos) unadolescents at puberty. The commonest etilogi is an imperforate hymen. It is a rare pathology and thus aim was be to report on the clinical, paraclinical, therapeutic and evolutionary characteristics as well as the difficulties encountered, especially in case of hydrocolpos. It was a retrospective and descriptive study carried out the pediatric surgery department of the Teaching Hospital of Treichville, over a period of 10 years, from January 2008 to December 2017. It concerned all patients diagnosed with hydro or he matocolpos. Studied variables were clinical, paraclinical, therapeutic and outcom. We recorded 11 cases including 5 cases of hydrocolpos and 6 cases of hematocolpos. The mean age was 12.4 days for hydrocolpos and 13.83 years for hematocolpos ones. The presenting complaint was acute urine retention in 8 cases (72.72%), abdominal distention in 2 cases. Cyclic pelvic pain was found in all adolescents, with in hematocolpos, associated with an absence of menses in all cases. The diagnosis of imperforate hymen was done late in 3 patients. Ultrasound was performed in 100% of cases. Surgical treatment consisted of a hymenotomy in all patients with laparotomy and vaginal opening to the skin in 3 and 2 cases, respectively. The outcom was simple in 9 cases (81.82%). The complications recorded incloded a recurrence of hydrocolpos that required another hymenotomy and intestinal occlusion by adhesions. Imperforate hymen is a rare and benign malformation of the female genital tract. The diagnosis especially in the newborn and infant is delayed because of the ignorance of practitioners. it should be considered in case of any urinary disorder, it and confirmed by examination of the vulva. Keywords: hydrocolpos, hematocolpos, imperforate hymen, hymenotom