A global reference database of crowdsourced cropland data collected using the Geo-Wiki platform

A global reference data set on cropland was collected through a crowdsourcing campaign using the Geo-Wiki crowdsourcing tool. The campaign lasted three weeks, with over 80 participants from around the world reviewing almost 36,000 sample units, focussing on cropland identification. For quality assessment purposes, two additional data sets are provided. The first is a control set of 1,793 sample locations validated by students trained in satellite image interpretation. This data set was used to assess the quality of the crowd as the campaign progressed. The second data set contains 60 expert validations for additional evaluation of the quality of the contributions. All data sets are split into two parts: the first part shows all areas classified as cropland and the second part shows cropland average per location and user. After further processing, the data presented here might be suitable to validate and compare medium and high resolution cropland maps generated using remote sensing. These could also be used to train classification algorithms for developing new maps of land cover and cropland extent

Population Growth and Land Use Pattern of the Brick Industrial Belt: A Case Study in Ganeshkuwari Gaon

Abstract- The physical set up and growing inhabitants of an area as well as the dynamic human decisions determine the pattern of land use. The Pattern of land use for different purposes in any area influences the local and anticipated future economy. The industrial land use pattern of a particular spatial unit of the earth‟s surface is characterized by the positive and negative effects. The relationship between changing land use pattern and population growth is communicated by a number of socioeconomic, cultural, political, industrial and other aspects. An effort towards better education, health & nutrition as well as better scientific and technological education will be a solid contribution to the appropriate use of land in a particular area. In the absence of the above said effort there will be a threat to sustainability. During the last few decades, most of the agricultural paddy fields have been used for the establishment o

Synthesis, Structural and Theoretical Analyses of CN···I Halogen-Bonded Liquid Crystalline Complexes of 4‑Cyano-4′-alkoxy Biphenyl Systems

A series of 4-cyano-4′-alkoxybiphenyl compounds were synthesized by varying the spacer chain lengths (−CH2−)n, where n = 3–10, for the systematic study of a halogen-bonded (XB) complex with 1,4-diiodotetrafluoro benzene. The XB liquid crystalline complexes obtained from the liquid-assisted grinding method were characterized by FTIR, Raman, DSC, and PXRD studies. Further, CN···I XB interaction was established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The odd-even analysis has suggested that the even carbon chain length containing XB liquid crystalline complexes shows slightly higher alteration in their isotropic temperature compared to the odd carbon chain lengths of such complexes. Furthermore, it is interesting to note that the higher alkyl chain complexes (n = 6–10) showed liquid crystalline temperature at lower values with respect to their ligands. The Hirshfeld and energy framework analyses have also been carried out to assess the stability and percentage contribution of XB noncovalent interaction. The frontier molecular orbital, noncovalent interaction, molecular electrostatic potential, and QTAIM analysis were performed using DFT to evaluate the nature of XB in these halogen-bonded liquid crystalline systems

A global reference database of crowdsourced cropland data collected using the Geo-Wiki platform

A global reference dataset on cropland was collected through a crowdsourcing campaign using the Geo-Wiki crowdsourcing tool. The campaign lasted three weeks, with over 80 participants from around the world reviewing almost 36,000 sample units, focussing on cropland identification. For quality assessment purposes, two additional data sets are provided. The first is a control set of 1793 sample locations validated by students trained in satellite image interpretation. This dataset was used to assess the quality of the crowd as the campaign progressed. The second dataset contains 60 expert validations for additional evaluation of contributions quality. All data sets are split into two parts: the first part shows all areas classified as cropland and the second part shows cropland average per location and user. The results of the cropland validation campaign can be used to validate and compare medium and high resolution cropland maps that have been generated using remote sensing. These can also be used to train classification algorithms for developing new maps of land cover and cropland extent.JRC.D.5-Food Securit