Influence of Rrsin and Thickness of Laminate on Flexural Properties of Laminated Composites

Fiber reinforced plastics have been widely used for manufacturing aircraft and spacecraft structural parts because of their particular mechanical and physical properties such as high specific strength and high specific stiffness. The present investigation was undertaken to determine the influence of Resin & Thickness of Laminates on glass fiber Epoxy, graphite fiber Epoxy and Carbon fiber Epoxy laminates with glass fiber Polyester, graphite fiber polyester and carbon fiber polyester resin under 3- point bend test. the composite laminate specimens are prepared using the vacuum baggage technique and the specimen are subjected to 3 point bending load on a simply supported pins and the investigation is carried out as per the ASTM D790 standards. Flexural properties evaluated are flexural strength and stiffness of the composites system appropriate conclusions was drawn. The purpose of this work is to experimentally analyze the progressive failure process of laminated composites subjected to flexural loads, Flexural loading causes stresses in the composites, which vary through the thickness and reinforcement material used. This research indicates that Flexural strength is mainly dependent on the Type of Resin used & thickness of laminated polymer composite

Effect of Resin and Thickness tensile properties of laminated Composites

The use of composites in the aerospace industry has increased dramatically. Primary benefits that composite components can offer are reduced weight and assembly simplification. The performance advantages associated with reducing the weight of aircraft structural elements has been the major impetus for military aviation composites development. Although commercial carriers have increasingly been concerned with fuel economy, the potential for reduced production and maintenance costs has proven to be a major factor in the push towards composites.The results of tensile tests are used in selecting materials for engineering applications and are frequently includ ed in material specifications to ensure quality. Tensile properties often are measured during development of new materials and processes, so that different materials and processes can be compared.The present investigation was undertaken to determine the in fluence of Resin & Thickness of Laminates on glass fiber Epoxy, graphite fiber Epoxy and Carbon fiber Epoxy laminates with glass fiber Polyester, graphite fiber polyester and carbon fiber polyester resin under Tensile loads

Treatment-seeking and out-of-pocket expenditure on childhood illness in a migrant tribal community in Bhubaneswar, Odisha State, India

Background: In India, migrant status, tribal affiliation and poverty render tribal migrants more vulnerable than any other group which leads to high treatment costs and the risk of low access to health care. Objective: To examine treatment-seeking behaviour and out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure on the treatment of childhood illnesses, with a focus on gender in a migrant tribal community in Bhubaneswar, eastern India. Methods: A total of 175 households with a child aged 0�14 years and who had migrated within the last 12 years were selected from tribal-dominated slums. Data on health-seeking behaviour and expenditure on a recent illness in the youngest child were collected by interviewing mothers during October 2007 to March 2008. Results: Of the 175 children, 78.8 had at least one episode of illness during the previous year. Of the total number of episodes, 71 had been treated and 61 of them had incurred OOP expenditure. A significantly lower proportion of episodes of illness in girls had been treated than in boys (P = 0.01) and incurred OOP expenditure (P = 0.05). Private health care was preferred and only 16.5 availed themselves of the government sources. About 89 and 87 of households of boys and girls, respectively, incurred OOP expenditure. A child�s gender (female) (P = 0.05), mother�s education (P = 0.002) and type of illness (P = 0.002) were significantly associated with total OOP expenditure. Conclusion: Further studies are warranted to address the low access to government health care and thereby reduce high OOP expenditure by tribal migrants on low incomes. Efforts are required to increase the ability of communities and health providers to identify and address the issues of gender and equity in health care along with a focus on culture-sensitive service provision. © 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

Panorama of neoplasms of upper GI tract: a 5 year research study

Background: The diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are the most common and leading cause of morbidity and mortality than the disorders of any other systems of the body. Gastrointestinal (GI) tract tumors are one of the most common cancers accounting for 11% of all cancers. Among these tumors, upper gastrointestinal tract malignancies are quite aggressive with a dismal prognosis. Malignant tumors are most common than benign. The most common carcinoma of the esophagus is Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Incidence of SCC is less than 5 per 100,000 populations in males and 1 per 100,000 populations in females. Gastric cancer was the second most common cancer in the World and 60% of them occurred in developing countries. The most common carcinoma of the Stomach is Adenocarcinoma.Aim & Objectives: To study the spectrum of neoplastic lesions of the upper gastrointestinal tract by the examination of endoscopic biopsies and surgically resected specimens. To determine the degree of severity of the malignancies by assessing the depth of invasion, Lymph nodal & Omental spread.Methods: The present study is both retrospective & prospective study for a period of 5 years from January 2007 to December 2011. The sample size includes all the endoscopic biopsies & surgically resected specimens of gastrointestinal tract received at Department of Pathology, S.V. Medical College, Tirupati. The study also obtained clearance from the ethical committee of the institution. The biopsy specimens thus obtained were fixed in 10% buffered neutral formalin. The sections were stained routinely with H & E. Special stains and IHC done wherever necessary.Results: we have received 120 specimens regarding the upper gastrointestinal system. Among these 120 specimens, 71 specimens were endoscopic biopsies & 49 specimens were surgically resected specimens. Out of 71 Endoscopic biopsies 28 biopsies were malignant among which 2 was esophagus and 26 were stomach. Out of 49 surgically resected specimens 1 was benign and 32 were malignant tumors. Out of 59 neoplasms of stomach there were single cases each of Sub mucosal Lipoma, Malignant lymphoma, GIST & 56 cases of Adenocarcinoma & its variants were noted.Conclusion: Most of the neoplasms are of stomach (97%). All the neoplasms are malignant except one benign lesion sub mucous lipoma of stomach. Most of the neoplasms of stomach were Adenocarcinoma (96.5%). Both tumors of esophagus were squamous cell carcinoma occurred after 50 years of age.

A century of trends in adult human height

Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5-22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3-19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8-144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries

Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities 1,2 . This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity 3�6 . Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55 of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017�and more than 80 in some low- and middle-income regions�was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing�and in some countries reversal�of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories. © 2019, The Author(s)

Process plant simulation

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Transesterification for the preparation of biodiesel from crude-oil of Pongamia pinnata

Biodiesel was prepared from the non-edible oil of Pongamia pinnata L. by transesterification of the crude-oil with methanol in the presence of NAOH as catalyst. Vegetable oils can be transesterified by heating them with a large excess of anhydrous methanol and an acidic or basic reagent as catalyst. Both the acid as well as alkaline esterifications were subsequently performed to get the final product. A catalyst is usually used to improve the reaction rate and yield. NaOH was found to be a better catalyst than KOH in terms of yield. In a transesterification reaction, a larger amount of methanol was used to shift the reaction equilibrium to the right side and produce more methyl esters as the proposed product. Several aspects including the type of catalyst (alkaline, acid, or enzyme), alcohol/vegetable oil molar ratio, temperature, purity of the reactants (mainly water content) and free fatty acid content have an influence on the course of the transesterification. A maximum conversion of 94% (oil to ester) was achieved using a 1:10 molar ratio of oil to methanol at 60 to 65 °C. Important fuel properties of methyl esters of pongamia oil (biodiesel) compare well with ASTM standards