Indemnity, Liability, Insolvency

Suppose A has a claim against B. B has a claim over against C. B, however, is insolvent and has not actually paid A. B\u27s only asset is, in fact, B v C. To what extent can C claim that B v C is valueless - that B was not damaged because B was too broke to pay A? This paper argues that the fundamental legal distinction between indemnity and liability is beginning to dissolve, because B can always pay A (and thereby give value to B v C) by borrowing the amount B owes and using B v C as collateral for the loan. This very possibility tends to render the distinction between indemnity and liability obsolete

Curved Graphene Nanoribbons: Structure and Dynamics of Carbon Nanobelts

Carbon nanoribbons (CNRs) are graphene (planar) structures with large aspect ratio. Carbon nanobelts (CNBs) are small graphene nanoribbons rolled up into spiral-like structures, i. e., carbon nanoscrolls (CNSs) with large aspect ratio. In this work we investigated the energetics and dynamical aspects of CNBs formed from rolling up CNRs. We have carried out molecular dynamics simulations using reactive empirical bond-order potentials. Our results show that similarly to CNSs, CNBs formation is dominated by two major energy contribution, the increase in the elastic energy due to the bending of the initial planar configuration (decreasing structural stability) and the energetic gain due to van der Waals interactions of the overlapping surface of the rolled layers (increasing structural stability). Beyond a critical diameter value these scrolled structures can be even more stable (in terms of energy) than their equivalent planar configurations. In contrast to CNSs that require energy assisted processes (sonication, chemical reactions, etc.) to be formed, CNBs can be spontaneously formed from low temperature driven processes. Long CNBs (length of $\sim$ 30.0 nm) tend to exhibit self-folded racket-like conformations with formation dynamics very similar to the one observed for long carbon nanotubes. Shorter CNBs will be more likely to form perfect scrolled structures. Possible synthetic routes to fabricate CNBs from graphene membranes are also addressed

Testing Models of Intrinsic Brightness Variations in Type Ia Supernovae, and their Impact on Measuring Cosmological Parameters

For spectroscopically confirmed Type Ia supernovae we evaluate models of intrinsic brightness variations with detailed data/Monte Carlo comparisons of the dispersion in the following quantities: Hubble-diagram scatter, color difference (B-V-c) between the true B-V color and the fitted color (c) from the SALT-II light curve model, and photometric redshift residual. The data sample includes 251 ugriz light curves from the 3-season Sloan Digital Sky Survey-II, and 191 griz light curves from the Supernova Legacy Survey 3-year data release. We find that the simplest model of a wavelength-independent (coherent) scatter is not adequate, and that to describe the data the intrinsic scatter model must have wavelength-dependent variations. We use Monte Carlo simulations to examine the standard approach of adding a coherent scatter term in quadrature to the distance-modulus uncertainty in order to bring the reduced chi2 to unity when fitting a Hubble diagram. If the light curve fits include model uncertainties with the correct wavelength dependence of the scatter, we find that the bias on the dark energy equation of state parameter $w$ is negligible. However, incorrect model uncertainties can lead to a significant bias on the distance moduli, with up to ~0.05 mag redshift-dependent variation. For the recent SNLS3 cosmology results we estimate that this effect introduces an additional systematic uncertainty on $w$ of ~0.02, well below the total uncertainty. However, this uncertainty depends on the samples used, and thus this small $w$-uncertainty is not guaranteed in future cosmology results.Comment: accepted by Ap

Fast Chopper Structure for the CERN Superconducting Proton Linac

The SPL chopper is a travelling wave device, which deflects a slow beam (b = v/c = 0.08) by its transverse electric field. We discuss the chopper deflecting structure based on a meander line printed on an alumina substrate. This concept profits from the radiation resistance of alumina, its excellent out-gassing properties and its good thermal conductivity. The use of well established MIC (microwave integrated circuit) thick film technology allows easy implementation of prototypes; the thickness of the printed layer should be increased by means of an electrochemical deposition method. The topology of the structure has been chosen from standard MIC layouts and was subsequently optimized using numerical simulations. Several prototypes have been manufactured and measurements have shown encouraging results

Review of recent work on electron cooling at LEAR

The Low-Energy Antiproton Ring (LEAR) is expected to be used as an accumulator in the frame work of the LHC lead-ion project. This implies at first that the electron-cooled ions have a lifetime which is longer than the stacking time. On the other hand, in order to improve the electron-cooling time we expect to make use of large electron beam intensities, of the order of 0.5 A, at relativistic parameter b = v/c = 0.09. With such constraints the electron beam density is rather large so the induced space-charge forces become detrimental to the cooling process itself. A neutralization of the electron beam, which aims to reduce the effects of the space-charge forces, is therefore desirable. This paper describes the measurements made on the cooling and lifetimes and on the neutralization technique implemented on the LEAR electron cooler

Phenotypical correlations between agronomical characters in type pome bananas and its implications on yield estimate.

Estimates of phenotypic correlations involving banana production, yield components and other important characters can be found in several articles (1). However, for the same character, it can be identified a positive, negative or null value estimate. This can be explained by the fact that these correlations have been estimated in different genotypes and environments with the use of different methods. In view of this, if possible, new correlations must be estimated to assist the conduction a breeding program

Pengaruh Teori Belajar Van Hiele Terhadap Hasil Belajar Geometri Siswa SD

The problem of this research was to analyse the effect of Van Hiele learning theory to learning outcomes of elementary school students at grade V in SDN 34 Pontianak Kota. The method of this research is experimentaland the design is Quasy Experimental with Non-equivalent Control Group Design. The population of this research was 132 Students from class V A, V B, V C, and V D of SDN 34 Pontianak Kota. In this research the methods of collecting sample was probalitiy sampling with simple random sampling where students of class V D belonged to control group and students of class V C belonged to experimental group. From the analysis of the data, the average result of post-test of control class was 54,77 and the average result experiment class was 70,33. After conducting t-test (separated variants), it was found that tcountwas 5,0323 and the ttablewith dk 64 and significant level (= 5% was 1,9987. The finding showed that tcount> ttable. So alternative hipothesis (Ha) was accepted which means that there were significant influence of Van Hiele's learning theory. From the calculation of effect size (),it was found that was 1,29 with relatively high criteria. The result of this study was concluded that Van Hiele's learning theory gave high influences to the learning outcomes of elementary school students at grade V SDN 34 Pontianak Kota

Pembuatan Sabun Padat Transparan Berbasis Bahan Minyak Jarak (Castor Oil) Dengan Penambahan Bahan Aktif Ekstrak Teh Putih (Camellia sinensis)

Ekstrak teh putih mengandung senyawa katekin yang tinggi. Kandungan tersebut dapat menghambat dan membunuh pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Penambahan ekstrak teh putih pada sabun padat transparan berbasis minyak jarak dapat menambah aktivitas antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui proses pembuatan sabun padat transpran, mengetahui formulasi penambahan ekstrak teh putih, mengetahui sabun terbaik analisis berdasarkan karakteristik fisiko-kimia, aktivitas antibakteri, dan organoleptik, serta kesesuaian sabun dengan SNI 06-3532-1994. Perlakuan konsentrasi ekstrak teh putih adalah 1,5 % (b/v) dengan penambahan sebesar  A = 0% (b/v), B = 0,5% (b/v), C = 1,0% (b/v), dan D = 1,5% (b/v) dari 300 gram basis sabun. Pengujian sampel sabun meliputi sifat fisika-kimia, aktivitas antibakteri, dan organoleptik. Hasil sabun terbaik berdasarkan nilai pembobotan sifat fisika-kimia dan aktivitas antibakteri adalah sampel sabun penambahan ekstrak teh putih 1 % b/v (C) mencapai 3,39. Nilai hasil analisis sampel perlakuan C adalah kadar air dan zat menguap 24,48%, jumlah asam lemak 1,13%, kadar asam lemak bebas 0,21%, kadar fraksi tak tersabunkan 0,94%, nilai pH 10,67, kekerasan 0,0037 mm/gram/detik, stabilitas busa 44,4% dan diameter daya hambat 18,5 mm. Hasil sabun terbaik berdasarkan nilai pembobotan organoleptik adalah sabun kontrol (A) mencapai 2,75. Kata kunci : Sabun Padat Transparan, Minyak Jarak, Ekstrak Teh Putih, Aktivitas Antibakteri, Sifat Fisiko-Kimi