Prorjeđivanje plodova jabuke sorte \u27Gala\u27 pomoću ethephona, NAA i BA te njihovih kombinacija

The thinning response was studied on six years old trees of ‘Gala’/M.9. The treatments of single application of ethephon 200 ppm at the balloon stage, of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) 10 ppm or benzyladenine (BA) 100 ppm at 10 mm fruit diameter as well as the sequential treatments of ethephon followed by NAA or/and BA and tank mixed NAA + BA treatment were performed. A non significant thinning was obtained in treatments when ethephon, NAA and BA were used separately. No additional thinning occurred even in the combinations when ethephon was applied first at the balloon stage and NAA or BA applied later at 10 mm fruitlet diameter. Significant thinning response occurred only when tank mixed treatment of NAA + BA and sequential treatment of ethephon followed by tank mixture of NAA + BA were carried out. In this experiment, mean fruit weight and the share of bigger sized fruits (>70mm) increased significantly in all thinning treatments compared to the non thinned control trees.Proučavali smo odaziv prorjeđivanja na šest godina starim stablima sorte \u27Gala\u27/M.9. Izvedeni su postupci pojedinačnih aplikacija etefona 200 ppm u fenofazi crvene glavice, naftiloctene kiseline (NAA) 10 ppm ili benziladenina (BA) 100 ppm kada je promjer ploda iznosio 10 mm kao i uzastopni postupci etefonom nakon čega je slijedila NAA, odnosno BA ili u tanku pomiješani NAA + BA. Prorjeđivanje nije bilo signifikantno kod postupaka, u kojima su etefon, NAA i BA primijenjeni pojedinačno. Do dodatnog prorjeđivanja nije došlo ni u postupcima kada je etefon primijenjen najprije u balonskom stadiju, a NAA ili BA primijenjeni kasnije, kada je promjer plodova iznosio 10 mm. Signifikantan odaziv na prorjeđivanje dogodio se samo kada je izveden postupak s u tanku pomiješanim NAA + BA i uzastopni postupak etefonom nakon čega su slijedili u tanku pomiješani NAA + BA. U tom pokusu prosječna težina plodova i udio većih plodova (> 70 mm) signifikantno su se povećali kod svih postupaka prorjeđivanja u usporedbi s neprorjeđivanim stablima kontrole

Prorjeđivanje plodova jabuke sorte \u27Gala\u27 pomoću ethephona, NAA i BA te njihovih kombinacija

The thinning response was studied on six years old trees of ‘Gala’/M.9. The treatments of single application of ethephon 200 ppm at the balloon stage, of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) 10 ppm or benzyladenine (BA) 100 ppm at 10 mm fruit diameter as well as the sequential treatments of ethephon followed by NAA or/and BA and tank mixed NAA + BA treatment were performed. A non significant thinning was obtained in treatments when ethephon, NAA and BA were used separately. No additional thinning occurred even in the combinations when ethephon was applied first at the balloon stage and NAA or BA applied later at 10 mm fruitlet diameter. Significant thinning response occurred only when tank mixed treatment of NAA + BA and sequential treatment of ethephon followed by tank mixture of NAA + BA were carried out. In this experiment, mean fruit weight and the share of bigger sized fruits (>70mm) increased significantly in all thinning treatments compared to the non thinned control trees.Proučavali smo odaziv prorjeđivanja na šest godina starim stablima sorte \u27Gala\u27/M.9. Izvedeni su postupci pojedinačnih aplikacija etefona 200 ppm u fenofazi crvene glavice, naftiloctene kiseline (NAA) 10 ppm ili benziladenina (BA) 100 ppm kada je promjer ploda iznosio 10 mm kao i uzastopni postupci etefonom nakon čega je slijedila NAA, odnosno BA ili u tanku pomiješani NAA + BA. Prorjeđivanje nije bilo signifikantno kod postupaka, u kojima su etefon, NAA i BA primijenjeni pojedinačno. Do dodatnog prorjeđivanja nije došlo ni u postupcima kada je etefon primijenjen najprije u balonskom stadiju, a NAA ili BA primijenjeni kasnije, kada je promjer plodova iznosio 10 mm. Signifikantan odaziv na prorjeđivanje dogodio se samo kada je izveden postupak s u tanku pomiješanim NAA + BA i uzastopni postupak etefonom nakon čega su slijedili u tanku pomiješani NAA + BA. U tom pokusu prosječna težina plodova i udio većih plodova (> 70 mm) signifikantno su se povećali kod svih postupaka prorjeđivanja u usporedbi s neprorjeđivanim stablima kontrole

Viruses: incredible nanomachines. New advances with filamentous phages

During recent decades, bacteriophages have been at the cutting edge of new developments in molecular biology, biophysics, and, more recently, bionanotechnology. In particular filamentous viruses, for example bacteriophage M13, have a virion architecture that enables precision building of ordered and defect-free two and three-dimensional structures on a nanometre scale. This could not have been possible without detailed knowledge of coat protein structure and dynamics during the virus reproduction cycle. The results of the spectroscopic studies conducted in our group compellingly demonstrate a critical role of membrane embedment of the protein both during infectious entry of the virus into the host cell and during assembly of the new virion in the host membrane. The protein is effectively embedded in the membrane by a strong C-terminal interfacial anchor, which together with a simple tilt mechanism and a subtle structural adjustment of the extreme end of its N terminus provides favourable thermodynamical association of the protein in the lipid bilayer. This basic physicochemical rule cannot be violated and any new bionanotechnology that will emerge from bacteriophage M13 should take this into account

Science Enabling Exploration: Using LRO to Prepare for Future Missions

Discoveries from LRO have transformed our understanding of the Moon, but LRO's instruments were originally designed to collect the measurements required to enable future lunar surface exploration. A high lunar exploration priority is the collection of new samples and their return to Earth for comprehensive analysis. The importance of sample return from South Pole-Aitken is well-established [Jolliff et al., this conference], but there are numerous other locations where sample return will yield important advances in planetary science. Using new LRO data, we have defined an achievability envelope based on the physical characteristics of successful lunar landing sites. Those results were then used to define 1km x 1km regions of interest where sample return could be executed, including: the basalt flows in Oceanus Procellarum (22.1N, 53.9W), the Gruithuisen Domes (36.1N, 39.7W), the Dewar cryptomare (2.2S, 166.8E), the Aristarchus pyroclastic deposit (24.8N, 48.5W), the Sulpicius Gallus formation (19.9N, 10.3E), the Sinus Aestuum pyroclastic deposit (5.2N, 9.2W), the Compton-Belkovich volcanic complex (61.5N, 99.9E), the Ina Irregular Mare Patch (18.7N, 5.3E), and the Marius Hills volcanic complex (13.4N, 55.9W). All of these locations represent safe landing sites where sample returns are needed to advance our understanding of the evolution of the lunar interior and the timescales of lunar volcanism. If LRO is still active when any future mission reaches the surface, LRO's capability to rapidly place surface activities into broader geologic context will provide operational advantages. LRO remains a unique strategic asset that continues to address the needs of future missions

Building on the Cornerstone: Destinations for Nearside Sample Return

Discoveries from LRO (Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter) have transformed our knowledge of the Moon, but LRO's instruments were originally designed to collect the measurements required to enable future lunar surface exploration. Compelling science questions and critical resources make the Moon a key destination for future human and robotic exploration. Lunar surface exploration, including rovers and other landed missions, must be part of a balanced planetary science and exploration portfolio. Among the highest planetary exploration priorities is the collection of new samples and their return to Earth for more comprehensive analysis than can be done in-situ. The Moon is the closest and most accessible location to address key science questions through targeted sample return. The Moon is the only other planet from which we have contextualized samples, yet critical issues need to be addressed: we lack important details of the Moon's early and recent geologic history, the full compositional and age ranges of its crust, and its bulk composition

Identifying and Characterizing Impact Melt Outcrops in the Nectaris Basin

The Nectaris Basin is an 820-km diameter, multi-ring impact basin located on the near side of the Moon. Nectaris is a defining stratigraphic horizon based on relationships between ejecta units, giving its name to the Nectarian epoch of lunar history. Lunar basin chronology based on higher resolution LRO imagery and topography, while assigning some important basins like Serenitatis to pre-Nectarian time, were generally consistent with those previously derived. Based on this stratigraphy, at least 11 large basins formed in the time between Nectaris and Imbrium. The absolute age of Nectaris, therefore, is a crucial marker in the lunar time-stratigraphic sequence for understanding the impact flux on the Moon, and by extension, the entire inner solar system. For several decades, workers have attempted to constrain the age of the Nectaris basin through radiometric dating of lunar samples. However, there is little agreement on which samples in our collection represent Nectaris, if any, and what the correct radiometric age of such samples is. The importance of the age of Nectaris goes far beyond assigning a stratigraphic marker to lunar chronology. Several dynamical models use Nectaris as their pin date, so that this date becomes crucial in understanding the time-correlated effects in the rest of the solar system. The importance of the Nectaris basin age, coupled with its nearside, mid-latitude location, make remnants of the impact-melt sheet an attractive target for a future mission, either for in-situ dating or for sample return. We have started exploring this possibility. We have begun a consortium data-analysis effort bringing multiple datasets and analysis methods to bear on these putative impact-melt deposits to characterize their extent, elemental composition and mineralogy, maturity and geologic setting, and to identify potential landing sites that meet both operational safety and science requirements

Profiling of dynamics in protein–lipid–water systems: a time-resolved fluorescence study of a model membrane protein with the label BADAN at specific membrane depths

Profiles of lipid-water bilayer dynamics were determined from picosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectra of membrane-embedded BADAN-labeled M13 coat protein. For this purpose, the protein was labeled at seven key positions. This places the label at well-defined locations from the water phase to the center of the hydrophobic acyl chain region of a phospholipid model membrane, providing us with a nanoscale ruler to map membranes. Analysis of the time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopic data provides the characteristic time constant for the twisting motion of the BADAN label, which is sensitive to the local flexibility of the protein–lipid environment. In addition, we obtain information about the mobility of water molecules at the membrane–water interface. The results provide an unprecedented nanoscale profiling of the dynamics and distribution of water in membrane systems. This information gives clear evidence that the actual barrier of membranes for ions and aqueous solvents is located at the region of carbonyl groups of the acyl chains

Population genomics of marine zooplankton

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2017. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Bucklin, Ann et al. "Population Genomics of Marine Zooplankton." Population Genomics: Marine Organisms. Ed. Om P. Rajora and Marjorie Oleksiak. Springer, 2018. doi:10.1007/13836_2017_9.The exceptionally large population size and cosmopolitan biogeographic distribution that distinguish many – but not all – marine zooplankton species generate similarly exceptional patterns of population genetic and genomic diversity and structure. The phylogenetic diversity of zooplankton has slowed the application of population genomic approaches, due to lack of genomic resources for closelyrelated species and diversity of genomic architecture, including highly-replicated genomes of many crustaceans. Use of numerous genomic markers, especially single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), is transforming our ability to analyze population genetics and connectivity of marine zooplankton, and providing new understanding and different answers than earlier analyses, which typically used mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite markers. Population genomic approaches have confirmed that, despite high dispersal potential, many zooplankton species exhibit genetic structuring among geographic populations, especially at large ocean-basin scales, and have revealed patterns and pathways of population connectivity that do not always track ocean circulation. Genomic and transcriptomic resources are critically needed to allow further examination of micro-evolution and local adaptation, including identification of genes that show evidence of selection. These new tools will also enable further examination of the significance of small-scale genetic heterogeneity of marine zooplankton, to discriminate genetic “noise” in large and patchy populations from local adaptation to environmental conditions and change.Support was provided by the US National Science Foundation to AB and RJO (PLR-1044982) and to RJO (MCB-1613856); support to IS and MC was provided by Nord University (Norway)