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Bearing witness and being bounded; the experiences of nurses in adult critical care in relation to the survivorship needs of patients and families
Aim: To discern and understand the responses of nurses to the survivorship needs of patients and family members in adult critical care units.
Background: The critical care environment is a demanding place of work which may limit nurses to immediacy of care, such is the proximity to death and the pressure of work.
Design: A constructivist grounded theory approach with constant comparative analysis.
Methods: As part of a wider study and following ethical approval, eleven critical care nurses working within a general adult critical care unit were interviewed with respect to their experiences in meeting the psychosocial needs of patients and family members. Through the process of constant comparative analysis an overarching selective code was constructed. EQUATOR guidelines for qualitative research (COREQ) applied.
Results: The data illuminated a path of developing expertise permitting integration of physical, psychological and family care with technology and humanity. Gaining such proficiency is demanding and the data presented reveals the challenges that nurses experience along the way.
Conclusion: The study confirms that working within a critical care environment is an emotionally charged challenge and may incur an emotional cost. Nurses can find themselves bounded by the walls of the critical care unit and experience personal and professional conflicts in their role. Nurses bear witness to the early stages of the survivorship trajectory but are limited in their support of ongoing needs.
Relevance to Clinical Practice: Critical care nurses can experience personal and professional conflicts when caring for both patients and families. This can lead to moral distress and may contribute to compassion fatigue. Critical care nurses appear bounded to the delivery of physiological and technical care, in the moment, as demanded by the patient's acuity. Consequentially this limits nursesâ ability to support the onward survivorship trajectory. Increased pressure and demands on critical care beds has contributed further to occupational stress in this care setting
Delocalized, non-SUSY -branes, tachyon condensation and tachyon matter
We construct non-supersymmetric -brane solutions of type II supergravities
in arbitrary dimensions () delocalized in one of the spatial transverse
directions. By a Wick rotation we convert these solutions into Euclidean
-branes delocalized in the transverse time-like direction. The former
solutions in nicely interpolate between the -dimensional non-BPS
D-branes and the -dimensional BPS D-branes very similar to the picture of
tachyon condensation for the tachyonic kink solution on the non-BPS D-branes.
On the other hand the latter solutions interpolate between the
-dimensional non-BPS D-branes and the tachyon matter supergravity
configuration very similar to the picture of rolling tachyon on the non-BPS
D-branes.Comment: 15 pages, typos correcte
Laser Spectroscopic Studies of the E 1ÂŁ+ State of the MgO Molecule
The E1ÎŁ+ âRydberg' state of 24Mg16O has been characterized by two-color resonance-enhanced two-photon ionization (R2PI) spectroscopy in the 36 000â40 000 cmâ1 region. Several rotationally resolved bands, assigned consistently to 24Mg16O(E1ÎŁ+âX1ÎŁ+) vibronic transitions, have been analyzed. The effective BvâČ(vâČ=0â8) constants determined exhibit an unusual variation with vâČ. Possible causes of this variation are discussed. Estimated spectroscopic constants for the E1ÎŁ+ state are reported
Extracellular electrical signals in a neuron-surface junction: model of heterogeneous membrane conductivity
Signals recorded from neurons with extracellular planar sensors have a wide
range of waveforms and amplitudes. This variety is a result of different
physical conditions affecting the ion currents through a cellular membrane. The
transmembrane currents are often considered by macroscopic membrane models as
essentially a homogeneous process. However, this assumption is doubtful, since
ions move through ion channels, which are scattered within the membrane.
Accounting for this fact, the present work proposes a theoretical model of
heterogeneous membrane conductivity. The model is based on the hypothesis that
both potential and charge are distributed inhomogeneously on the membrane
surface, concentrated near channel pores, as the direct consequence of the
inhomogeneous transmembrane current. A system of continuity equations having
non-stationary and quasi-stationary forms expresses this fact mathematically.
The present work performs mathematical analysis of the proposed equations,
following by the synthesis of the equivalent electric element of a
heterogeneous membrane current. This element is further used to construct a
model of the cell-surface electric junction in a form of the equivalent
electrical circuit. After that a study of how the heterogeneous membrane
conductivity affects parameters of the extracellular electrical signal is
performed. As the result it was found that variation of the passive
characteristics of the cell-surface junction, conductivity of the cleft and the
cleft height, could lead to different shapes of the extracellular signals
The Perturbative Pole Mass in QCD
It is widely believed that the pole mass of a quark is infrared-finite and
gauge-independent to all orders in perturbation theory. This seems not to have
been proved in the literature. A proof is provided here.Comment: 12 pages REVTeX with 2 figures; archiving published version with note
and references added. If you thought this was proven long ago see
http://www-theory.fnal.gov/people/ask/TeX/mPole
G-Structures, Fluxes and Calibrations in M-Theory
We study the most general supersymmetric warped M-theory backgrounds with
non-trivial G-flux of the type R^{1,2} x M_8 and AdS_3 x M_8. We give a set of
necessary and sufficient conditions for preservation of supersymmetry which are
phrased in terms of G-structures and their intrinsic torsion. These equations
may be interpreted as calibration conditions for a static ``dyonic'' M-brane,
that is, an M5-brane with self-dual three-form turned on. When the electric
flux is turned off we obtain the supersymmetry conditions and non-linear PDEs
describing M5-branes wrapped on associative and special Lagrangian three-cycles
in manifolds with G_2 and SU(3) structures, respectively. As an illustration of
our formalism, we recover the 1/2-BPS dyonic M-brane, and also construct some
new examples.Comment: 40 pages; v2: one reference added, typos correcte
The Entropy of 4D Black Holes and the Enhancon
We consider the physics of enhancons as applied to four dimensional black
holes which are constructed by wrapping both D-branes and NS-branes on K3. As
was recently shown for the five dimensional black holes, the enhancon is
crucial in maintaining consistency with the second law of thermodynamics. This
is true for both the D-brane and NS-brane sectors of these black holes. In
particular NS5-branes in both type IIA and IIB string theory are found to
exhibit enhancon physics when wrapped on a K3 manifold.Comment: 23 pages. 1 figure. Minor typos corrected. Refs added. To appear in
PR
An Index for 4 dimensional Super Conformal Theories
We present a trace formula for an index over the spectrum of four dimensional
superconformal field theories on time. Our index receives
contributions from states invariant under at least one supercharge and captures
all information -- that may be obtained purely from group theory -- about
protected short representations in 4 dimensional superconformal field theories.
In the case of the theory our index is a function of four
continuous variables. We compute it at weak coupling using gauge theory and at
strong coupling by summing over the spectrum of free massless particles in
and find perfect agreement at large and small charges.
Our index does not reproduce the entropy of supersymmetric black holes in
, but this is not a contradiction, as it differs qualitatively from the
partition function over supersymmetric states of the theory. We
note that entropy for some small supersymmetric black holes may be
reproduced via a D-brane counting involving giant gravitons. For big black
holes we find a qualitative (but not exact) agreement with the naive counting
of BPS states in the free Yang Mills theory. In this paper we also evaluate and
study the partition function over the chiral ring in the Yang
Mills theory.Comment: harvmac 40+16 pages, v3: references and table of contents added,
typos fixe
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