Global heat flow trends resolved from multiple geological and geophysical proxies

International audienceBecause global coverage of heat flow measurements is still poor in many areas, empirical estimators based on the geology, the thermotectonic age or the velocity structure of the upper mantle have often been used to affect an estimate to regions where such measurements are absent. On the basis of the assumption that heat flow is strongly related to its geodynamic environment, one may integrate multiple proxies derived from a large body of global geo- logical and geophysical data sets assembled during the past decades; these should help to better capture the variety of present-day settings. This idea is illustrated through two simple empirical methods: both of them are based on a set of examples, where heat flow measure- ments are associated with relevant terrestrial observables such as surface heat production, upper-mantle velocity structure, tectono-thermal age, on a 1◦ × 1◦ grid. To a given target point owning a number of observables, the methods associate a heat flow distribution rather than a deterministic value to account for intrinsic variability and uncertainty within a defined geodynamic environment. The 'best combination method' seeks the particular combination of observables that minimizes the dispersion of the heat flow distribution generated from the set of examples. The 'similarity method' attributes a weight to each example depending on its degree of similarity with the target point. The methods are transparent and are able to handle sets of observables that are not available over the whole Earth (e.g. heat production). The resulting trends of the mean heat flow deduced from the two methods do not differ strongly, but the similarity method shows a better accuracy in cross-validation tests. These tests suggest that the selected proxies have the potential to recover at least partly medium- to large-scale features of surface heat flow. The methods depict the main global trends of low heat flow in stable and ancient regions, and thermal high in active orogens and rift zones. Broad thermal anomalies are outlined in the Sahara and in the tectonically active eastern part of Antarctica. The similarity method estimates a continental heat loss of 13.6 ± 0.8 TW (2σ uncertainty), which is consistent with previous estimates

Gastrointestinal decontamination in the acutely poisoned patient

ObjectiveTo define the role of gastrointestinal (GI) decontamination of the poisoned patient.Data sourcesA computer-based PubMed/MEDLINE search of the literature on GI decontamination in the poisoned patient with cross referencing of sources.Study selection and data extractionClinical, animal and in vitro studies were reviewed for clinical relevance to GI decontamination of the poisoned patient.Data synthesisThe literature suggests that previously, widely used, aggressive approaches including the use of ipecac syrup, gastric lavage, and cathartics are now rarely recommended. Whole bowel irrigation is still often recommended for slow-release drugs, metals, and patients who "pack" or "stuff" foreign bodies filled with drugs of abuse, but with little quality data to support it. Activated charcoal (AC), single or multiple doses, was also a previous mainstay of GI decontamination, but the utility of AC is now recognized to be limited and more time dependent than previously practiced. These recommendations have resulted in several treatment guidelines that are mostly based on retrospective analysis, animal studies or small case series, and rarely based on randomized clinical trials.ConclusionsThe current literature supports limited use of GI decontamination of the poisoned patient

Suivi des endommagements créés par faux effet Brinell et caractérisation des surfaces par microscopie à effet tunnel

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Scanning tunneling microscopy study of wear induced by false brinelling on rolling bearings

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Classification d'Images pour la Catégorisation de Produits sur un Site de E-Commerce

International audienceOver the past two years, Cdiscount’s product catalog grew from 10 to 30 million products which made it impossible to keep integrating products manually. It became clear we needed to automatize the integration process, starting with categorization. An approach based on semantic analysis enabled us to ca- tegorize the major part of the integration flow. However, our models reached a plateau, leaving a non negligeable part of the products uncategorized. In this paper, we pro- pose to use image classification to categorize the remaining products.Avec l’ouverture de ses rayons à des vendeurs externes (via sa place de marché), Cdiscount voit la taille de son cata- logue exploser, passant de 10 millions de produits fin 2015 à plus de 30 millions de produits à la fin de l’année 2017. Face à un flux de produits arrivant sur la place de marché toujours plus important, la création manuelle de nouveaux produits est devenue impossible, rendant nécessaire l’au- tomatisation de certaines étapes, notamment la catégori- sation. Dans un premier temps, nous avons attaqué le problème sous un angle sémantique. Si ces méthodes nous ont permis de traiter une bonne partie du flux d’entrée, il reste cepen- dant une part non négligeable de produits non catégorisés. Le but de ces travaux est d’utiliser les images associées aux produits pour catégoriser ce reliquat

Anti-TNF therapy in refractory pouchitis and Crohn's disease-like complications of the pouch after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis following colectomy for ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

International audienceBackground: Pouchitis and secondary Crohn's disease (CD)-like complication of the pouch are the most common complications after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis following colectomy for ulcerative colitis. Data about the effectiveness of anti-TNF agents in these two entities remains sparse. We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of anti-TNF therapy in differentiating patients with chronic refractory pouchitis and CD-like complications. Methods: Systematic literature search was performed in MEDLINE and from international meetings abstracts. The search process, selection of manuscripts, and data extraction were performed independently by two physicians according to PRISMA statements. Prevalence and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using random-effects models assuming between and within study variability. Statistical heterogeneity between results was assessed by examining forest plots, CIand using I2 and sensitivity analyses were conducted. CD-like complications of the pouch were defined as the presence of non-anastomotic fistula and/or non-anastomotic stenosis and/or prepouch ileitis. Chronic refractory pouchitis was defined as inflammation limited to the pouch. The short term and the long term responses were evaluated at 8 weeks and 12 months, respectively. Results: We identified 21 articles and three abstracts including 313 patients treated either with infliximab (IFX) (n=194) or adalimumab (ADA) (n=119) for inflammatory complications of the pouch. The rate of complete response (CR) after anti-TNF induction therapy for inflammatory complications of the pouch was 0.51 (95% CI [0.39–0.64]; I2=0.56). The rate of short-term CR was 0.57 (95% CI [0.38–0.75]; I2=0.36) for IFX-treated patients compared to 0.38 (95% CI [0.08–0.72]; I2=0.50) for ADA-treated patients (p=0.20). The long-term rate of CR in patients treated with anti-TNF therapy was 0.52 (95% CI [0.39–0.65]; I2=0.59), with 0.59 (95% CI [0.45–0.72]; I2=0.30) for IFX-treated patients compared to 0.30 (95% CI [0.15–0.46]; I2=0.00) for ADA-treated patients (p=0.19). The rate of CR after anti-TNF induction therapy seemed to be higher for CD-like complications of the pouch 0.64 (95% CI [0.5–0.77]; I2=0.18), compared to refractory pouchitis 0.10 (95% CI [0.08–0.35]; I2=0.00) (p=0.06). The rate of long-term CR in patients treated with anti-TNF was 0.57 (95% CI [0.43–0.71]; I2=0.32) for CD-like complications of the pouch compared to refractory pouchitis 0.37 (95% CI [0.14–0.62]; I2=0.47) (p=0.57). Conclusions: Despite wide heterogeneity of the data, anti-TNF agents have a clear trend to have higher and faster efficacy in CD-like complications of the pouch compared to refractory pouchitis, highlighting the need to differentiate these two entities in clinical practice